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              <text>&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;A REFLECTION OF GENOCIDE IN AFRICA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE HERERO GENOCIDE OF 1904 TO 1908&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Genocide against the Herero and Nama community of Southwest Africa, in present day Namibia was the first genocide of the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century and can best be described as the precursor of the Holocaust. This genocide was not known to the public until Namibia got its independence in 1990.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Southwest Africa became a German colony in 1885, and Germany appropriated land belonging to the Herero, who were mainly a pastoralist community. In January 1904, the Herero revolted against German dominion over their land and by June 1904, the German government sent a heavily armed German military to quell the rebellion.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The German military easily overpowered the Herero and drove them into the Namib Desert to die. While pinned down in the desert, the German army confiscated all the livestock belonging to the Herero, which was their main mode of livelihood. They also poisoned the few watering wells, which led to thousands of Herero starving to death or dying of thirst.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In January 1905, the few Herero who survived were rounded up and sent to concentration camps.&amp;nbsp; A total of five concentration camps &lt;i&gt;(Konzetrationslagern) &lt;/i&gt;had been established&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; with the most notorious camp being at Shark Island. The Herero in the camps were used as slave labor to build railway lines and roads, women were raped, and the children were tortured. Working conditions were made so difficult that many died due to “exhaustion” according to German records. More than half the population who had survived the desert later died working as forced labor.&amp;nbsp; In April 1905, the German military attacked the Nama community and committed similar atrocities.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In the late 1800’s and the early part of the 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century, the notion of Germans being a superior race was growing. German scientists wanted to study the Herero and Nama to prove that Africans were an inferior race.&amp;nbsp; The German military decapitated heads of Herero and Nama people and forced Herero women to boil the heads and then scrape off the flesh. Those skulls were taken to German museums for display and were placed in medical laboratories for anthropometric studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;More than three quarters of the entire Herero population and half the entire population of the Nama were exterminated by the Germans between 1904 and 1908. It is now evident that genocide against these two African communities was a training exercise for what the Nazis did during the Holocaust.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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Genocide Rwanda&#13;
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Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish &amp; Portuguese, Latin American &amp; Caribbean Studies.  mraple@ku.edu</text>
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                  <text>This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration  of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people  that was perpetrated by Germans.</text>
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                  <text>Genocide in Africa</text>
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                  <text>Genocide Namibia&#13;
Genocide Herero&#13;
Genocide Rwanda&#13;
Rwanda History&#13;
History Rwanda</text>
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                  <text>This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities.</text>
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                  <text>Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global &amp; International Studies.  Musaolaka@yahoo.com&#13;
&#13;
Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish &amp; Portuguese, Latin American &amp; Caribbean Studies.  mraple@ku.edu</text>
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                  <text>This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration  of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people  that was perpetrated by Germans.</text>
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                  <text>University of Kansas Libraries</text>
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                <text>Die befreiung okahandjas(Herero Genocide)</text>
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                <text>Paschasius, W</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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