1 10 56 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/96ba66eaee7d6347bbb9405d15525595.jpg 80640073b86a47357590a708e235d6ce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Die befreiung okahandjas(Herero Genocide) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Paschasius, W Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/4c042b3ab2839fcbb18132340a4963d6.jpg cdc533369313fb8c62bbc76695a4d554 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Empires of remorse(Herero Genocide) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bentley, Tom Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. A REFLECTION OF GENOCIDE IN AFRICA: THE HERERO GENOCIDE OF 1904 TO 1908   Genocide against the Herero and Nama community of Southwest Africa, in present day Namibia was the first genocide of the 20th century and can best be described as the precursor of the Holocaust. This genocide was not known to the public until Namibia got its independence in 1990. Southwest Africa became a German colony in 1885, and Germany appropriated land belonging to the Herero, who were mainly a pastoralist community. In January 1904, the Herero revolted against German dominion over their land and by June 1904, the German government sent a heavily armed German military to quell the rebellion. The German military easily overpowered the Herero and drove them into the Namib Desert to die. While pinned down in the desert, the German army confiscated all the livestock belonging to the Herero, which was their main mode of livelihood. They also poisoned the few watering wells, which led to thousands of Herero starving to death or dying of thirst. In January 1905, the few Herero who survived were rounded up and sent to concentration camps.  A total of five concentration camps (Konzetrationslagern) had been established, with the most notorious camp being at Shark Island. The Herero in the camps were used as slave labor to build railway lines and roads, women were raped, and the children were tortured. Working conditions were made so difficult that many died due to “exhaustion” according to German records. More than half the population who had survived the desert later died working as forced labor.  In April 1905, the German military attacked the Nama community and committed similar atrocities. In the late 1800’s and the early part of the 20th century, the notion of Germans being a superior race was growing. German scientists wanted to study the Herero and Nama to prove that Africans were an inferior race.  The German military decapitated heads of Herero and Nama people and forced Herero women to boil the heads and then scrape off the flesh. Those skulls were taken to German museums for display and were placed in medical laboratories for anthropometric studies. More than three quarters of the entire Herero population and half the entire population of the Nama were exterminated by the Germans between 1904 and 1908. It is now evident that genocide against these two African communities was a training exercise for what the Nazis did during the Holocaust. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa the Herero-version 2(Herero Genocide) https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/519cfdbb94f7e898534d648c3ba7f638.jpg a0c7b632a24d1f63113c1c2558d1a3e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gewisse ungewissheiten(Herero Genocide) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tröndle, Rainer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/6aa4b25d280abb4cb44160202744a27e.jpg b4c2a9da36c25ca240b827a0acd7b3e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herero Heroes(Herero Genocide) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gewald, Jan-Bart Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/6ae4db2f210f20f676da78961c96204f.jpg 7dbe18c8d2371cbe392ca5a752b47e77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Le malentendu Colonial(Herero Genocide) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Téno, Jean-Marie Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/85b40546d6480b3bc0ad0a8d05f352cd.jpg 1c83fae785cc46df4def779e9eb1bca8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Let us die fighting(Herero Genocide) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Drechsler, Horst Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/d654546429041e2d49873d6280ff4f93.jpg 7aa44ae202ed15fc18a23a9ec2de1191 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolt of the hereros(Herero Genocide) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bridgman, Jon Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1981 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/c4fe3e12ee2061f98d39e1213c56b377.jpg c0ba5a0dff7e6f4a7467409a2e153e32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda Under Musinga, 1896 1931 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges ; edited by David Newbury Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Madison : University of Wisconsin Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ©2011 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Genocide Namibia Genocide Herero Genocide Rwanda Rwanda History History Rwanda Description An account of the resource This exhibit is an exposition of the history, planning, development, and execution of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and the 1904 genocide against the Nama and Herero people of present day Namibia. The exhibit also clearly reveals the impact that these two genocides have had on the lives of survivors, perpetrators, and their families and communities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Musa Olaka, Librarian for African Studies, Global & International Studies. Musaolaka@yahoo.com Mary Raple, Library Specialist, International Collections, Spanish & Portuguese, Latin American & Caribbean Studies. mraple@ku.edu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource This combined exhibit was first mounted at the University of Kansas Libraries as a physical exhibit between April 2017 to August 2018 in commemoration of the 23rd anniversary of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the 93rd anniversary of the genocide against the Nama and Herero people that was perpetrated by Germans. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Kansas Libraries Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. A REFLECTION OF GENOCIDE IN AFRICA: THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE Genocide is a process that does not take place overnight. The 1994 genocide in Rwanda was a culmination of unresolved tensions and conflicts in Rwandan society, mainly between the majority Hutu population and the Tutsi minority. Tension between the Hutu and Tutsi was pronounced after Germany colonized Rwanda and Burundi from 1885 to 1919 and became worse when the two countries were Belgian colonies from 1922 to 1961. Before being colonized, Rwanda had a well-established Tutsi-led monarchy. In order to conquer and rule over the masses, the Belgian government incorporated results of anthropometric studies by Belgian scientists into official government policy. These studies were based on peoples’ physical features and claimed that the Tutsi were more intelligent than the Hutu. This was the beginning of dividing Hutu and Tutsi based of physical characteristics. Previously, being Tutsi or Hutu was a social class based on wealth. Under Belgian rule, the Tutsi were given leadership positions as chiefs, given the opportunity to attend school, and were appointed to the best government positions. The colonial government, and by extension the Tutsi chiefs, thus became very unpopular with the Hutu masses. In the late 1950’s, the Hutu started to clamor for independence. In 1959, the Catholic Church aligned itself with the Hutu, who in turn murdered and expelled a large population of the Tutsi. Those who survived fled and were exiled in neighboring countries.  After gaining independence in 1962, the first republic of independent Rwanda wanted to undo years of Hutu exclusion. It put in place policies that excluded the Tutsi by placing quotas on how many could have access to education and to government jobs. In the early 1990’s, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which was a Tutsi led rebel group operating in Uganda, mobilized Tutsi in diaspora and launched an armed attack on Rwanda.  The war went on for several years culminating in negotiations for a peace accord that took place in Tanzania.  This period also gave rise to a plurality of hate media such as Kangura newspapers and radio RTLM that later encouraged Hutu to massacre the Tutsi. At the same time, the country was also facing other major challenges including famine that had ravaged the country and the devaluation of the Rwandan franc. On the evening of April 6, 1994, the plane carrying President Habyarimana of Rwanda and President Ntaryamira of Burundi was shot down as it was approaching Kigali. The two presidents were coming from Tanzania where they had attended peace talks with the rebel group, RPF. After the assassination of the two presidents was announced to the public, the Tutsi and moderate Hutu were targeted by Interahamwe (meaning “hunting together”) militia for extermination.  Close to one million Tutsi and moderate Hutu were exterminated in a span of 100 days. This is why the Rwandan genocide became known as the most efficient genocide in history. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Genocide in Rwanda-Version 2(History)