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                <text>J. Christopher Brown&#13;
Associate Professor&#13;
&#13;
Office: 223 Lindley Hall&#13;
Phone: 785-864-5543&#13;
Email: jcbrown2@ku.edu&#13;
&#13;
Office Hours: W 8:30-10 am or by appt.&#13;
&#13;
    Ph.D., UCLA (1999)&#13;
&#13;
Vita (pdf)&#13;
Profile on Google Scholar 	&#13;
&#13;
    Research Interests &amp; Current Projects&#13;
&#13;
	 &#13;
&#13;
    Courses Taught/Teaching Awards&#13;
&#13;
	 &#13;
&#13;
    Publications During Last 5 Years&#13;
&#13;
	 &#13;
&#13;
    Other Significant Publications&#13;
&#13;
	 &#13;
  	 &#13;
  	 &#13;
  	 &#13;
&#13;
Research Interests and Current Projects&#13;
Social relations in Amazonian rural development.&#13;
Expansion of soybean production in Amazonia.&#13;
Development and the Politics of Scale.&#13;
 &#13;
More information on Dr. Brown's research projects is available here.&#13;
 &#13;
Courses Taught and Teaching Awards&#13;
GEOG 571: Environmental Issues of Latin America&#13;
GEOG 597: Geography of Brazil&#13;
GEOG 379: Environment and Society&#13;
GEOG 771: Graduate seminar on environment and development&#13;
Awards&#13;
2006 - W. T. Kemper Fellowship for Teaching Excellence&#13;
2003 - H.O.P.E. (Honor for an Outstanding Progressive Educator) award nominee&#13;
2003 - Center for Teaching Excellence Faculty Fellow&#13;
2008 - John C. Wright Graduate Mentor Award, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences&#13;
 &#13;
Publications During the Last 5 Years&#13;
&#13;
(Authors in italics are graduate students)&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Jude H. Kastens, Alexandre Camargo Coutinho, Daniel de Castro Victoria, Christopher H. Bishop. 2013. Classifying Multiyear Agricultural Land Use Data from Mato Grosso Using Time-Series MODIS Vegetation Index Data. Remote Sensing of Environment 130: 39-50.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Lisa Rausch, and Veronica Grau Luz. (In Press). Toward a spatial understanding of staple food and non-staple food production in Brazil. The Professional Geographer.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown and Matthew Koeppe 2013. The soy moratorium and the construction of illegal soybeans in the Brazilian Amazon. In Environment and the Law in Amazonia: A Plurilateral Encounter. (Eds. James M. Cooper and Christine Hunefeldt). Sussex: Sussex Academic Press. Pp 110-126. KU ScholarWorks&#13;
&#13;
Narayani Barve, Alvin J. Bonilla, Julia Brandes, J. Christopher Brown, Nathaniel Brunsell, Ferdouz V. Cochran, Rebecca J. Crosthwait, Jodi Gentry, Laci M. Gerhart, Trish Jackson, Anna J. Kern, Karen S. Oberhauser, Hannah L. Owens, A. Townsend Peterson, Alexis S. Reed, Jorge Soberón, Adam D. Sundberg and Linda M. Williams. 2012. Climate-change and mass mortality events in overwintering monarch butterflies. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 83: 817-824. DOI:10.7550/rmb.26460.&#13;
&#13;
Christian Brannstrom, Lisa Rausch, J. Christopher Brown, Renata Marson Teixeira de Andrade, Andrew Miccolis. 2012. Compliance and market exclusion in Brazilian agriculture: Analysis and implications for “soft” governance. Land Use Policy 29(2):357-366.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown. 2011. Nongovernmental Organizations: Scale, Society, and Environment. In Placing Latin America:  Contemporary Themes in Human Geography. 2nd Ed. (Eds. Ed Jackiewicz and Fernando Bosco). Lanham, MD., Rowman and Littlefield. Pp. 147-158.&#13;
&#13;
David S. Brown, J. Christopher Brown, and Maureen Donaghy 2011. The Electoral Consequences of Direct Political Action: Evidence from Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society 53(4):35-66.&#13;
&#13;
Ricardo Cordeiro, Maria R. Donalisio, Valmir R. Andrade, Ana C.N. Mafra, Luciana B. Nucci, John C. Brown and Celso Stephan. 2011. Spatial distribution of the risk of dengue fever in southeast Brazil, 2006-2007. BMC Public Health 11:355. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-355.&#13;
&#13;
Alexandre Camargo Coutinho, Daniel de Castro Victoria, Adriano Rolim da Paz,&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Jude Kastens. 2011. Dinâmica da agricultura no polo de produção de soja do Estado de Mato Grosso [Dynamics of agriculture in the soy production pole of the state of Mato Grosso.] (forthcoming). Anais XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto [Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium of Remote Sensing], Curitiba, Brasil, 30 abril – 5 maio, 2011, INPE.&#13;
&#13;
Alexandre C. Coutinho, John Christopher Brown, Daniel de C. Victoria, Adriano Rolim da Paz, Jude H. Kastens. 2010. Potencial e Limitações do Monitoramento da Atividade Agrícola com Imagens do Satélite Modis. [Potential and limitations of monitoring of agricultural activity with MODIS satellite imagery.] In Resumos expandidos do I Workshop de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta em Rondônia, Vilhena, 24 a 28 abril, 2010 / editor, Vicente de Paulo Campos Godinho et al. Porto Velho: Embrapa Rondônia, 2010. Pp. 93-103.&#13;
&#13;
Stacey Swearingen White, J. Christopher Brown, Jane W. Gibson, Eric Hanley, Dietrich H. Earnhart. 2009. Planting Food or Fuel: Developing an Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding the Role of Culture in Farmers' Decisions to Grow Second-Generation, Biofuel Feedstock Crops. Comparative Technology Transfer and Society 7(3): 287-302.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown. 2008. NGOs and ongoing changes in Latin American society. In Placing Latin America:  Contemporary Themes in Human Geography. (Eds. Ed Jackiewicz and Fernando Bosco). Lanham, MD., Rowman and Littlefield.&#13;
&#13;
Wendy Jepson, J. Christopher Brown, and Matthew Koeppe. 2008. Agricultural intensification on Brazil’s soybean frontier in southern Rondônia. In Land Change Science in the Tropics (Eds. Andrew Millington and Wendy Jepson). Boston: Springer Publications. Pp. 73-92.&#13;
&#13;
David Brown, J. Christopher Brown, and Scott Desposato. 2008. Who gives, who receives, and who wins? Transforming capital into political change through non-governmental organizations. Comparative Political Studies 41:24-47.&#13;
 &#13;
Other Significant Publications&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Wendy Jepson, Jude Kastens, Brian Wardlow, John Lomas, and Kevin Price. 2007. Multi-temporal, moderate spatial resolution remote sensing of modern agricultural production and land modification in the Brazilian Amazon. GIScience and Remote Sensing 44(2): 117-148.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Jude Kastens, Brian Wardlow, Wendy Jepson, Alex Coutinho, Adriano Venturieri, John Lomas, Kevin Price. 2007. Using MODIS to detect cropping frequency variation in mechanized agriculture in Amazonia. Anais XIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto [Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium of Remote Sensing], Florianópolis, Brasil, 21-26 abril 2007, INPE, p. 99-101.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Mark Purcell, and Nathaniel Brunsell. 2007. Scale, Problems of. In Encyclopedia of Environment and Society. (Ed. Paul Robbins). SAGE Publications. Pp. 1566-1569.&#13;
&#13;
David Brown, J. Christopher Brown, and Scott Desposato. 2007. Promoting and preventing political change through internationally-funded NGO activity. Latin American Research Review, 42(1): 126-138.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown. 2006. Productive conservation and its representation: the case of beekeeping in the Brazilian Amazon. In Globalization and New Geographies of Conservation. (Ed. Karl Zimmerer). Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Pp. 92-115.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown. 2006. Placing local environmental protest within global environmental networks: colonist farmers and sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon. In Shades of Green. (Eds. Christof Mauch, Nathan Stoltzfus, Doug Weiner). Lanham MD., Rowman and Littlefield. Pp. 197-218.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Matthew Koeppe, Benjamin Coles, and Kevin Price. 2005. Soybean production and conversion of tropical forest in the Brazilian Amazon: the case of Vilhena, Rondonia. Ambio 34(6): 456-463.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown and Mark Purcell. 2005. There's nothing inherent about scale: political ecology, the local trap, and the politics of development in the Brazilian Amazon. Geoforum 36(5): 607-624.&#13;
&#13;
Purcell, Mark and J. Christopher Brown. 2005. Against the local trap: scale and the study of environment and development. Progress in Development Studies, 5(4): 279-297.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, David Brown, Scott Desposato. 2005. Paving the way to political change: decentralization of development in the Brazilian Amazon. Political Geography 24: 39-52.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown, Wendy Jepson, and Kevin Price. 2004. FORUM: Expansion of mechanized agriculture and land-cover change in southern Rondônia, Brazil. Journal of Latin American Geography 3(1): 96-103.&#13;
David Brown, J. Christopher Brown, and Scott Desposato. 2002. Left turn on green?: unintended consequences of international funding for sustainable development in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies 35 (7): 814-838.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown. 2001. Responding to deforestation: productive conservation, the World Bank, and beekeeping in Rondonia, Brazil. The Professional Geographer 53(1): 106-119.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown. 2001. Beekeeping and sustainable development among colonist farmers in Rondonia, Brazil. Sustainable Development:  Myth or Reality [In Spanish]. (Eds. M. Hiraoka and F. Kahn). Quito, Editorial Abya-Yala. Pp. 61-72.&#13;
&#13;
J. Christopher Brown and Christian Albrecht. 2001. The effect of tropical deforestation on stingless bees of the genus Melipona (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in central Rondonia, Brazil.  Journal of Biogeography 28: 623-634. </text>
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3065 Wescoe Hall&#13;
785.864.2579&#13;
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Ph.D. (California, Irvine)&#13;
&#13;
Areas of Research&#13;
&#13;
20th-century African literature, ecocriticism, postcolonial theory and literature, environmental studies, critical theory.&#13;
&#13;
Selected Publications&#13;
&#13;
Environment at the Margins: Literary and Environmental Studies in Africa (Ohio UP, 2011).&#13;
&#13;
African Fiction and Joseph Conrad: Reading Postcolonial Intertextuality (SUNY Press, 2005). &#13;
&#13;
“Shifting the Center: A Tradition of Environmental Literary Discourse from Africa.” Environmental Criticism for the Twenty-First Century (Routledge, 2011).&#13;
&#13;
“In Place: Tourism, Cosmopolitan Bioregionalism, and Zakes Mda’s Heart of Redness.” Postcolonial Ecologies: Literatures of the Environment (Oxford UP, 2011)&#13;
&#13;
"Different Shades of Green: Ecocriticism and African Literature" Anthology of African Literary Theory and Criticism (Blackwell, 2007);&#13;
&#13;
"Of Freedom and Oil: Nation, Globalization, and Civil Liberties in the Writing of Ken Saro-Wiwa." Research in English and American Literature (2006).&#13;
&#13;
I have also published other articles on 20th-Century African literature, 19th- and 20th-Century British literature, and Colonial Discourse.&#13;
&#13;
Awards&#13;
&#13;
Kemper Teaching Fellowship, Hall Center Research Fellow, Louise Byrd Graduate Educator Award, Keeler Intra-University Professor, Conger-Gabel Teaching Professor, Mabel Fry Teaching Award&#13;
&#13;
Faculty Profile&#13;
&#13;
My research and teaching focuses on the relationship between literature and pressing issues of justice, freedom, and sustainability in the recently colonized world (especially Africa). Currently, I am working on a book project which posits that a legacy of environmental (literary) writing from Africa becomes apparent if we shift our focus from a theoretical framework derived from predominate models of environmentalism, often focused on the preservation of wilderness and biodiversity, to one shaped by what is often called “environmentalism of the poor” which is centered on the intersection of environmental degradation and social justice. Such writing becomes a means not only to explore some of the limitations of mainstream environmentalism, particularly in postcolonial contexts, but also to imagine what environmental justice might mean and how it might develop in specific situations.  As is true of ecocriticism and postcolonialism more generally, my work is interdisciplinary, drawing on work from environmental studies, history, and geography. In fact, I work closely both in my research and my teaching with faculty members across the university. I would like to think of myself as a “nomadic” intellectual, crossing the boundaries of academic fields and cultures and seeking ways to make the connections between literary studies and “the world” more apparent. &#13;
&#13;
Associate Professor Caminero-Santangelo's Curriculum Vitae </text>
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Curriculum Vitae&#13;
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Associate Professor of International Environmental History (Ph.D. University of Texas at Austin, 2003)&#13;
&#13;
Cushman came to KU in Fall 2003. He teaches courses on Latin America, science studies, and the global environment. Many of his courses involve interdisciplinary collaboration with natural and social scientists. He and his students are core participants in KU’s NSF-funded IGERT C-Change program on the human dimensions of climate change.&#13;
&#13;
His first book Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012) is one of the first studies to examine the environmental and cultural history of the modern world from the perspective of the whole Pacific Basin. It demonstrates how bird excrement and the birds that produce it opened the way to large-scale exploitation of phosphates, nitrates, coconuts, fishmeal, and other regional commodities. These activities profoundly influenced the course of the Industrial Revolution, the rise of experts to positions of authority, the origins and outcomes of the First and Second World Wars, and the unfolding of the conservation, cleanliness, and environmental movements on a global scale. These currents fundamentally altered the participation of Peru, New Zealand, Easter Island, and a host of other Pacific territories in world events. He is currently finishing a study of humanity’s long relationship with the cormorant and its relatives to appear in Reaktion Books’ Animal Series.&#13;
&#13;
Cushman’s main on-going research project focuses on the history of environmental engagement among indigenous peoples in the Andean and Pacific Worlds. It develops the concept of “First Science” to understand how environmental phenomena influenced the cosmological systems of First Peoples and how these systems provided guidance to social activities and proved capable of predicting dangerous environmental extremes. It implements a range of ethnohistorical methodologies, from 10,000-year reconstructions of ecological change, to the interpretation of ancient iconography, to the decipherment of sixteenth-century manuscripts, to collaborative engagement with native knowledge keepers and the living landscapes they inhabit.&#13;
&#13;
Both of these studies are part of a long-term research program to trace the deep history of humanity’s understanding of El Niño and La Niña and their modern reinvention as global disasters. Cushman has an ongoing fascination with “all things foul and ugly, all creatures short and squat” and has published an award-winning essay on the place of the humble culvert, drainage ditch, and native plants in modern landscape engineering. Other published works deal with history’s “last first contact” in New Guinea, the discovery of human-caused climate change by Humboldtian scientists, the international geopolitics of weather prediction and remote-sensing instrument networks, and other episodes in the history of climate and environmental sciences. In 2009, he took part in filming episode 18 of a TV documentary on the round-the-world voyage of the New Beagle, it visits the Serengeti of the Sea and explores how the melting of Peru's highland glaciers is destined to make the country far more vulnerable to El Niño and La Niña events(video requires Microsoft Silverlight).&#13;
&#13;
Fields of specializationenvironmental history (esp. climate, disasters, oceans, soils); Latin America since 1450 (esp. Peru, Chile, Andean World, Cuba); history of science, technology, and engineering (esp. environmental sciences, Humboldtian science, agriculture, fishing, transportation); the Pacific World (esp. La Niña/El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Easter Island, Banaba, Kiribati, Niue); indigenous peoples (esp. Rapanui, Muchik, Quechua,Aymara ethnicities); global history</text>
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Sara Gregg works on the environmental history of North America, with a particular focus on the intersections of environmental change with politics and agriculture.  Her current project examines the environmental and economic implications of the 1862 Homestead Act for both the American West and the nation-state.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
Gregg's second book, a co-edited anthology, American Georgics: Writings on Farming, Society, and the Land(Yale, 2011), traced the continuities and changes in agrarian thought.  This volume presents a narrative of American development that transcends declensionist interpretations of rural change, and encourages a reconsideration of traditional portrayals of the changes in American rural life. This book is directed toward undergraduates and a popular audience, and it seeks to capitalize upon the current interest in sustainable agriculture and the politics of food to encourage a re-examination of the history of the American relationship with farming and rural land use.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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2440 E. Water Well Road&#13;
Salina, Kansas 67401&#13;
&#13;
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________&#13;
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Wes Jackson, President of The Land Institute, was born in 1936 on a farm near Topeka, Kansas. After attending Kansas Wesleyan (B.A Biology, 1958), he studied botany (M.A. University of Kansas, 1960) and genetics (Ph.D. North Carolina State University, 1967). He was a professor of biology at Kansas Wesleyan and later established the Environmental Studies department at California State University, Sacramento, where he became a tenured full professor. He resigned that position in 1976 and returned to Kansas to found The Land Institute.&#13;
&#13;
Dr. Jackson’s writings include both papers and books. His most recent works, Nature as Measure (2011) and Consulting the Genius of the Place: An Ecological Approach to a New Agriculture (2010), were both published by Counterpoint Press. The Virtues of Ignorance: Complexity, Sustainability, and the Limits of Knowledge (2008) and Rooted in the Land: Essays on Community and Place (1996), were co-edited with William Vitek. Becoming Native to This Place, 1994, sketches his vision for the resettlement of America's rural communities. Altars of Unhewn Stone appeared in 1987 and Meeting the Expectations of the Land, edited with Wendell Berry and Bruce Colman, was published in 1984. New Roots for Agriculture, 1980, outlines the basis for the agricultural research at The Land Institute.&#13;
&#13;
The work of The Land Institute has been featured extensively in the popular media including The Atlantic Monthly, Audubon, National Geographic, Time Magazine, Yes! Magazine, The MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour, and National Public Radio's "All Things Considered." Life magazine named Wes Jackson as one of 18 individuals they predict will be among the 100 "important Americans of the 20th century." In the November 2005 issue, Smithsonian named him one of “35 Who Made a Difference.” He was included in Rolling Stone’s “100 Agents of Change” in March, 2009 and in Ingram’s “50 Kansans You Should Know” in January 2011.&#13;
&#13;
Wes Jackson is a recipient of the Pew Conservation Scholars award (1990), a MacArthur Fellowship (1992), Right Livelihood Award (Stockholm), known as “Alternative Nobel Prize” (2000), and the Louis Bromfield Award (2010). He has received five honorary doctorates. In 2007 he received the University of Kansas Distinguished Service Award and was one of the 2011 recipients of the University of Kansas College of Liberal Arts &amp; Sciences’ Distinguished Alumni Awards. Garden Club of America awarded him the Elizabeth Craig Weaver Proctor Medal in 2012.&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Joane Nagel&#13;
&#13;
University Distinguished Professor&#13;
On Sabbatical Fall 2013&#13;
Email: nagel@ku.edu&#13;
Personal Web Site&#13;
&#13;
Joane Nagel (PhD Stanford) is a political and cultural sociologist; her work focuses on ethnicities, genders, and sexualities in the US and in the global system, cultural production and construction, social and nationalist movements, American Indian activism, and global climate change. Her recent research includes “Climate Change, Public Opinion, and the Military-Security Complex,” The Sociological Quarterly (2011), “Deploying Race, Gender, Class, and Sexuality in the Iraq War” (with Lindsey Feitz), Race, Gender &amp; Class (2007), “Ethnicity, Sexuality, and Globalization,” Theory, Culture &amp; Society (2006), “Men and Nations” in Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinity (ed. M. Kimmel, J. Hearn, R.W. Connell, Sage, 2005), Race, Ethnicity, &amp; Sexuality: Intimate Intersections and Forbidden Frontiers (Oxford, 2003), and American Indian Ethnic Renewal (Oxford, 1996). Her current research examines the sociological dimensions of global environmental change, specifically the race, class, gender, and sexual dimensions of climate change. </text>
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                <text>Paul Outka&#13;
Associate Professor&#13;
&#13;
3022 Wescoe Hall&#13;
785-864-2548&#13;
paul.outka@ku.edu&#13;
&#13;
Areas of Research&#13;
&#13;
19thC U.S. literature and culture, literature and science, American poetry, African American literature.Theoretical foci include ecocriticism, critical race theory, trauma studies, aesthetic theory, and the posthuman.&#13;
&#13;
Selected Publications&#13;
&#13;
BOOK&#13;
Race and Nature from Transcendentalism to the Harlem Renaissance.New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.&#13;
&#13;
SELECTED JOURNAL ARTICLES and BOOK CHAPTERS:&#13;
&#13;
“Posthuman/Postnatural: Ecocriticism and the Sublime in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.”&#13;
Environmental Criticism for the Twenty-First Century: Science, History, Scale. Stephanie&#13;
Lemenager, Ken Hiltner, and Teresa Shewry, eds. New York: Routledge. Forthcoming.&#13;
&#13;
“History, the Posthuman, and the End of Trauma: Propranolol and Beyond.”Traumatology.&#13;
15.4 (2009) 76–81.&#13;
&#13;
“(De)composing Whitman.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and the Environment,&#13;
12.1 (2005) 41-60.&#13;
&#13;
“Whitman and Race (‘he’s queer, he’s unclear, get used to it…’).” Journal of American&#13;
Studies, 36 (2002) 293-318.&#13;
&#13;
“Publish or Perish: Food, Hunger, and Self-Construction in Maxine Hong Kingston’s The&#13;
Woman Warrior.”Contemporary Literature, 38 (1997) 447-82.Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 114, Gale-Centage, 2002.Rpt. in Short Story Criticism, Vol. 136, Gale-Cengage, Forthcoming, 2010.&#13;
&#13;
Awards&#13;
&#13;
Winner of the 2009 Association for the Study of Literature and the Environment&#13;
(ASLE) Biennial Prize for “Best Book of Ecocriticism” published in 2007-08.&#13;
University of Maine Trustee Professorship, 2007-08.&#13;
American Council of Learned Societies/Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Fellowship for Junior Faculty, 2004-05.&#13;
University Honors Faculty. University of Maine at Farmington, 2003-07.&#13;
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertation Fellowship. University of Virginia, 1999-2000.&#13;
Outstanding Graduate Student Teaching Award.Department of English, University of Virginia, 1994-95.&#13;
&#13;
Faculty Profile&#13;
&#13;
I started my scholarly career as a poetry critic, writing a dissertation and several articles on Whitman, and teaching a range of courses on American poetry from its origins through the present day.  While my scholarship has become less structured by genre, I retain an emphasis on close reading and a profound, if often critical, engagement with poetry and literary modes of representation in all my writing.&#13;
&#13;
As my work has developed, I have focused my attention less on particular authors for their own sake, and more on how a range of political, theoretical, and historical problems have been refracted through literary and other forms of cultural representation.  My first book, Race and Nature from Transcendentalism to the Harlem Renaissance, examines a neglected but centrally important issue in critical race studies and ecocriticism: how natural experience became racialized in America from the antebellum period through the early twentieth century.  Drawing on theories of sublimity, trauma, and ecocriticism, I offer a critical and cultural history of the racial fault line in American environmentalism that to this day divides largely white wilderness preservation groups and the largely minority environmental justice movement. The book argues that “sublimity” and “trauma” name two racially marked outcomes of a structurally similar natural experience: a potent moment in which the division between the human and the natural becomes unstable.  For white Americans, such moments generally resolve according to the template of the Romantic sublime; the subject emerges fundamentally empowered by his or her identification with the sublime object.  For African Americans, by contrast, such moments of instability have often proven violently reductive, in a repeated and degrading association of the subject with the nonhuman natural environment.  Indeed, the conflation of blackness and nature served as the principal “justification” for chattel slavery in antebellum America, and such conflations persist at the heart of most American racist ideologies. &#13;
&#13;
This interest in the history of the mostly unhappy intersection between racial and natural experience has extended into a long essay I’m currently working on—or a short book, we’ll see!—tentatively entitled “Western Landscapes and the Dreamwork of Whiteness,” that looks at the ways western environmental experience has been deployed to repress the 19th century history of eastern racial trauma with a particular focus on Owen Wister’s The Virginian.&#13;
&#13;
I am now deeply engaged with another book project, Evolution, Essentialism, and the Organic Sublime: the Nineteenth-Century Posthuman, a work that builds on Race and Nature’sconcern with materialism, embodied identity, and ecocriticism.  The book argues that in the nineteenth-century transatlantic culture of Europe and the United States, a range of discourses—medical, evolutionary, chemical, environmental, literary—began to suggest that human identity was physical rather than spiritual, a particularly complex expression of the natural.  Humans became a part of the earth that learned to talk, not Beings who transcended the earthly.  In the book I examine a range of episodes I call the “organic sublime,” when an individual experienced a sudden and often profoundly disconcerting awareness of the radical material identity between his or her embodied self and the natural world.  This constitutive similarity between self and world, I argue, was akin to what contemporary theorists of biotechnology call the “posthuman,” the sense of being a mechanism among mechanisms, of a profound materialist ambiguity (if not, indeed, crisis) in the relations among self, body, technology, and environment.  The experience of the organic sublime was often deeply disturbing, both to the subject immediately involved and to the wider ideological formations prevalent in the nineteenth century that depended on a disjunctive relationship between human and nature, particularly essentializing discourses of identity such as racial “science,” social Darwinism, and the medicalization of gender.  Such discourses, I argue, functioned in part to reestablish qualitative differences between (some) humans and the natural, and thereby to deaden the shock of the eruptive nineteenth-century posthuman.  A version of the first chapter of this book was just published in Routledge’s 2011 Environmental Criticism for the 21st Century. &#13;
&#13;
My interests in evolution and scientific materialism extend into the 20th and 21st century as well.  I recently published an essay, for example on the implications of a possible pharmacological cure for PTSD and am working on a second essay about enhancement technologies, and I offer courses on posthuman theory and biotechnology that stretch from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, to contemporary scientific speculations on the ramifications of emergent biotechnologies, to recent science fiction.&#13;
&#13;
Associate Professor Outka's Curriculum Vitae</text>
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