1 10 9363 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/aabfc8df1a45b8562f423eb152321f84.jpg ac106d5586f8dba5df79ede2a308dc4a Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data printed book Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>Pride and Prejudice: and Sense and Sensibility ... With an illustration by John Gilbert</em> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Austen, Jane, 1775-1817 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available London: G. Routledge & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1851 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="https://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=3833198" target="_blank">O'Hegarty B861</a> Governing English https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/869b5e7271629312de054240fc068e68.pdf 2cd95bd07a27edd9650461a4b3376187 PDF Text Text ��HIS EXCELLENCY DR. NNAMDI AZIKIWE, PC. Governor-General and Con~mander-in-Chief 16 November, 1960. Obtainable From TABANSI BOOKSHOPS 55 New Market Road, Onitsbn. ��FOR It is \kith humility mingled with joy that I thank this grand concourse of patriots and friends of Nigeria for congregating here, today, on the occasion of my inauguration as the first Afiica~~ Governor-General and CommanderinChieT of the recleration of Nigeriu. I was appointed to this post of high honour hy tlrr Majesty Queen Elizabeth 11, on the advice of the Prime Ministcr of Nigeria, to s u w e d my predecessor in ofice, that acconiplished coloninl administrator, Sir James Robrrtqon, G . C M.G., G.C.V.0. I his mighly audicnce comprises or eminent men and women dciwn from all tlie Regions of Nigeria and diKcrent parts of Afriar. thc United Kingdom cnd the llnited States of America. Wc have in this august assemblap represcntativzs of heads of states and governments. paramount rulers and chieftains, statesmen and politicians. n3tion:1lists and freedom lighters, university ntl!ninis?~~ators prolkwor';, tr:ides union lcndcrs and ex-service and wen, load government heads and civil servants, niouldcrs of public opinion in addition to professional men and women in different walks of lifc, inch~ding -elect group of invitees who a reprcsent various organizations which are interested in Africa and ill the orderly progress or our country towards national antonomy. I arn indeed happj tl~st I can count on such an array of we]!-wishers at l?o.nc and abroad because the attainment of polilical independence by our country involved complications which are botb national and international, acd these require symp~theticand experienced friends to guide us in our honest cll'orts to builG a united na:ion which would be worthy of the respect and collahor~tionof (he comity of nations. �Pcrhaps i t would not be irrelcvsnt for me l a call your attention to the L e t thdr i n tlte political history of contcniporary Africa, this is the second time that a person of Xfrican descent bas been inducted into the oflice o f Governor-General. 'I'he l i r s l occasion was in November. 1940. when General Charle, de Gaulle appointed Felix Eboue, a native of Cayenne, Frcnch Guipna, i n the Carihbean, to be Governor-General of formcr French Equatorial Africa, which has now evolved into 111c Republics of Chad. Gabon. Brazzaville Congo and the Ccntr;~l African Republic. I n the chequered history of our nation. this i s the sccoud time that a person of African dcscent has had tlic distinctiou to assume a gubernatorial post. O n 8th July, 1960. Sir Adcsoji Aderemi, the Oni of ire. was sworn in as Governor or Wehtcr11 Nigeria. Today. I have h;rd the privilege and tbc hcwcrnr of being sworti i n as the first indigenous Governor-Gencr:d vf the sovereign state of Nigeria. I t i s a distinction tu aasnlrw saeb a high office. because during the co1oni:rl era. governonhil~ was an instrument' of absoiutc authority: but now i t llas becoLnc :in instrunlent of constitutional authority. lkfore tliz enactnlent of the Stidlute of Wcslminsler in .l9J1. wbic11 granred indepcndenee to cerlain countries. whicli t ~ o w constitute tlic Commonwealth of the Nations. the GcrvcruorCieneral was an cmbodinicnt of powcr. in th:~t he was hot11 a reprcsentarive of the Crown and of the Govcrntncnt of tltc U n ~ t c d Kingdom. Hc playcd an active rolc in the governn s i l t of his territory by cxercising initialivc on a swnhcr el issucs of an exautivc and administrative nalurr., and Is W > I; vcsted with reserved powers to veto certain acts or the I w o l government. The Stiatulc introduced a new element of conslihttioaitl importance cvhe~i the Governor-General ceased l o rcpriwnt tlre Govcrnnicnt of tlic United Kingdom but con~inuctl to represent tlic Crown, who is Head o l the Commonwcalth. 111 this context. the Governor-General. as Head of Slatc. now holds the same relation to the Governnienl o r Nigeria as thc Queen does to the Government o f the United Kingdotn. As a constitutional ruler. thc Governor-General cxcrcixr powcr formally and cons~itutionally in order to reflect the wishcs or a dcmocraticnlly con,titutcd m~thority. Thcre were substantial reasons lor this shifting of cmpl~a,is i e the exercise of powcr o l Governor-Gcneral from an ac~ivc to a passive role within the framework or the C o n s t i ~ u t i o ~ ~ . Colonial territories not being internittional persons could not exercise sovereign powers. Thcir suzer;~ins i~ctcd on thcir bclla!f but r e s c r v c d llic ri::ht l o c o 11 c c d c If! t b c ~ r ~ ndlurc. l l t t b rc!at!ot~;Itip s o v o r e i211 t y of a rc;t!irtcd �was based ou tlrc lcgal co~iccpl tllat co!onial lerrilorics were political inferiors; ergo. thcy acrc i o politic;~l servitude until the situation changed. Aflcr a series or Imperial Cvnfcrenccs liom 1907 h) 1916, i t becatoc necessary not only l o ninkc a distinctio~i betwcan colonial al tcrritorics which did not cxcrcisc internal and c x t c r ~ ~so\.crcignly rroni tbosc whicli did. Thosc tcrritvrics which cxerciscd -rcspmsiblc governmcst" internally and cxtcrnelly, cithcr partially or wholly or both \ w e regardcd as Dominions. The otl~crswerc L)cpcndencics. Later. the Stalutc specilically defined "l>oniiuion" l o n~can Canada, Australia, New Zealand. South Africa, Irisli I:rcc Statcand Newfoundland. I t is signi1ic;tnl that at the 111atcrial liw ll~csc tmitorics, with the exception or South Aliica. wcrc ial~ahitcdby a grcst majority ol' pcoplc ol' Eurvpc;~ndcscent. III the o w ofS11ul11Africa, a sni;~ll Europcan minority had cotiiplctc c * ~ ~ ~ 01' o I govcrnmcnt. l r tllc 111 1926. tlic lnter-lnipcrisl Relations Committee o f Ilic laprri:~l C'oafcrencc, undcr thc cliairm:~nsl~ip Lord Ilalfour. of rrcortlcd the o p i n i o ~ ~ tlic tcndcncy o f thc U o m i n i o ~to scck that i~ rqualiry ol' stittus wit11 Britais c w s both right ited incvitablc. Ilct~ce.thc Dominions werc dcfined 21s autono no ma us conin~enities ~ i i l l ~thc British Empirc. cqu:tl in status, in no wily subordinatc in wte to mother ill any aspect of' tlieir tlonicstic or cstcrnal alliirb, frccly t h w g l i united by a common allegiance 10 the Crown, i ~ n d 3sswiatcd os menilxrs or thc British Comnionwcalth orNatio11b." After the cnd or the W v l d War II. India, I'i~kisl;~nand C'cylon hcc;~aie indepcndcnt closcly li4lowed. a dwadc lstcr 1 ) 1. ( i h i ~ n i ~ .Mi~leya and Nigcriit. The idoption or a rcpuhlicat~ l i w t ol'govcrnn~cnt by tlirec of thc abovc-aamcd Stetcs did not aI1'ccl Coninion!walth status nistcrially, hut i t must be adnriltcd t11at fundi~mcotal changc occurred in i t s structure: thc GI~IIIOIIwc:~ltli has evolved i r o ~ nan association or coloni:d territories scttlcd mainly by pcrsons ol' Europcan dcscent to a niulti-racial ;tntl nu~lti-national community. whicli has "no tics. 110 commitIrcnls, no obligations, no tracc ol'imperisl control or subordi~~ate colonial status.'' Tlrcsc great swiid cha~lpcs in tlic structurc and outlook ol' Ilw Comnionwcaltli arc h;aic, Iicncc thcy lii~vealtercd the unicc ol' Govcrnor-<jcncral to bcco~nc Head o f State i ~ n d rcprcscntillivc ol' thc Crown. es distinct from Head of CiovcrntncM. 111c Sincccolonial rulc i s ;~uihori~arian, evolution to independence Iias Ir:~nsl'ornwJ the situation su I~:II the (;ovcrnor-Gcneral o f �of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth that the Governor-General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs as in the Dominio~~ is held by His Majesty the King iii Great Britain, and that he is nor the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain." The fact that British politicid institutions have influenced the course of our national hist,ory, made us in Nigeria to adopt the parliamentary system of government. In effect, it.means a recognition of the existence of ministerial responsibility with an active Head of Goverl~meet,who remains in otlice, so Ion8 as he retains th: confidence of the majority of the representatives of the electorate. Hence there is a bifurcation in the exercise of power between the Govtrnor-General. as the erstwhile Head of Government in a colonial regime, and the Prime Minister. he changes have had an impact also on the nationality of the persons who assume this high ollice. . The Imperial Cooferences of 1926 and 1930 agreed that in view of the changes envisuged. the appointment a Governor-Generid should bg a matter lying solely between the Crown and the particular Commonwealth country concerned. In this connection, the principle was established that it is for each State in the Commonwealth to decide whether or not to appoint distinguished citizens from the United Kingdom or from within its territorial limils or from elsewhere. In practice many Commonwc'ulth cwnlries have opted to appoint their own nationals as <iover~~ol.s-General.Since 5th April, 1937, the Crown, on the rccon~mendationof the Prime Minister of South Africa, has always uppointed a South African national as Governor-General. In January 1947. the Crown approved the appointment of Sir William John Mckell. G.C.M.G.. Premier of Western Australia, as Governor-General of Australia. On 15th August, 1947. the Crown approved the appointment of Mlihammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League, as the first Governor-General of Pakistan. After the departure of Lord Mountbatten, the first native Governor-General of India was Chakravarti Rajagopalachari. former General Secretary of the Indian National Congress. When India became a Republic, the ollice of President was made analogous to that of GovernorGeneral and Dr Kajendra Prasad, former Minister of Food and President of the Indian Constituent Assembly, was elected. The �present Governor-General of Ceylon, since 1954, is Sir Oliver Goonetilleke, who is a former Leader of the Senate and Minister of Finance. It will be noted that all the individuals mentioned above as native Governors-General were active politicians before they assumed their high office. I have gone to the lcngth of giving this historical hackground because of the nature of the oaths I havc taken today and because of my honest belief thal the existencc of a stahlc and constitutional government in Nigeria can become a motive power for the revival of the stature of man i n Africa and an implling Iorcc for the restoration of the dignity of man i n the world. Before the Honourable Chief Justice of the Ftderation of Nigeria, I have subscribed to two oaths according lo law: Ilia Oath of Allegiance and the Oath or Oflice. In making the Oath of Allegiance, I swore thal I would he '.liiithful and bear true allegiance" to the Crown. This oath is wnsistent with our Commonwealth relationship in view of the twplications of the Dominion Status. As a member of the (:ommonwealth of Nations, we are an autonomous community :tnd we are freely associated as such althouph unilcd b a common ! ~llegiancc to the Crown. Since Her Majesty is Head of the ;'ommonwealth and the Governor-Gcner;rl is representative of ihc Queen, it is appropriate that on assuming this honourable ollice, the appointee should subscribe to the Oath of Alleb' wncc as a visible sign of belier in this association. The Commonwealth is an historic coalition ot nations who rtand for certain common values and ideals which are generally described as liberal democracy. In this free association of countries, Britin stands supreme as the soarce of certain sl~iritual values, such as individual freedom, respect for law and religious toleration. lncourse of their development from colonial status to indopendence, the members have bcm nourished with these concepts o l British dmocratic heritage. When I subscribed to the Oath of Ollicc, 1 swore that 1 would "well and truly serve" in the oRce of Governor-General. In view of the historical forces at work since the publication of the Durham Keport in 1840, and the cnaci~nenl of the Stalutc of Westminster in 1931, it is obvious that the evolution of Cummonwealth countries havc gravitated from authoritarian to constitutional government. I n Nigeria this means to me government of the inhabitants of Nigeria. with consent of the citizrns of Nigeria, through the accrediled reprerentativcs of the voters of Nigeria, who are p e r i o d i c a l l y dectcd by secret ballot and by ad41 s u ITr a g c . by *I responsible cabinet s e l c c t c d from s u c h accredited r c p r e s e n t n t i v c s ivhiol~ 5 �rcmtius in oKce as long as such a cabinet retain5 the confidence l o f the majority member; o f w c h 3n ~ I m e dt ~ k l i i ~ ~ r e . This definition or reprcsentative tlemcrracy. us i t has heen adapteJ t o Nigcria. is hascd on thc concepts o f the rulc o f law and respect for individual freec!om which have been heyunthcd t o 1 s during our political association wilh Britain. There nutions 1 are the roundations upon which has been built tbe pillars of' our parliamentary govcrnmcnt. Without respect for the rule o f law permeating our pnlitici~l f r i c N r would dcgcncratc into a dictatorship with its twin relatives o f tyrmny and clespotism. I hold that the arhitrarv exercise o f power witlinut the restraining influence of thc rulc o f 11 m:!st be ccndc~nnedar :w n f~~ndamcntal dqc~rturzl'ro~n constitutional government. Any justilicalion of such un1r:tmmcllcd cxercist 11I' political power i.i, lil me, an outrage on hun~anc o ~ ~ w i e ~ ~ rl' cI ero.;s v i ~ h t i m m c o f hmic hunian rights. With this concept o f the rule of law. we havc inhrrited I h r idea o f individual rreedom. which is the shect-n~~cl~nr or ilemncratic institutions. The sanctity o f thc person. the rip111 I o f : persm to fair and publ~ctrial, the assumption o f t11c innocence of an nccus4 person until he i s proved guilty: tllrse ;Ire examples o f the basic hi~manrights which feature our ('wsti1111ion and which I hnve sworn tod:~y to uphold. But I l w e are o1her ancillaries to tlissc 'lrmcnts o f lihcral democracy. 1 I in mind religious freedom - freedom of tlio~~ghr. frzrtlom nf conscience. freetlom 01' worship. the intlcpenclct,cc of a responsible judici:~ry. which i s conscio~~sf i t s rrspt~n\ihilitits o in r democratic society. and thc exi>lenre I an u n ~ : ~ r t ~ i h a b l t pi~hlic service whose memhers ;Ire appointed or p r w w t r t l srrwrlv and good ch;~r:~ctrr I I oa~l ; ~ On thc merit uf their c~u:~iilic:~tions on any other extraneous criteria. What I havc analyscd, in so ibr as the kerncl o f the t \ v n o:~tbs titken by me t o h y rclatc, can hc s l ~ n l ~ w up in l i w r tl words: respect for l l ~ ~ ~ n a u dignity. I s11h111itthat rcspcct fnr homnn dignity is the challenge which Afric:~otl'm to the wwld. The lack of respect for hunian dignity has led to the pllitical bondage o f man by man in Africa. This act o f c o n m i a i ~ ) n has also accentuated race relations in Africa. Until the conscitr~ce o f the world has heen energctic:~lly a~rousedt o solve this prohlem frankly wit11 ubsolulr' hnnesty, i t i s safe I predict tlml the politind resurgence which is now sweeping all ovrr ATrirl~.i; capable o f leading t o : re?-cr~~elrz I niovcmrnt which wciuld be disastrous t o the p t 9 ~ 2 f the world. o �Represeutztive democracy bas heen tried in 'Pi&erio and i t has worked n,cces~Cuily. Parliameimry eovernmenr hns been attempted i n Nigeria and we have proved more than equal to the task. Ministerial responsibility is no longer a bugbear to us; i t is now part and piccel ot our politics. indeed, the Westwinster model 01 parliamentary government and democracy ha9 heen proved by u s not only to be capable of being expbrled to Africa, but practicable in this part 01 Africa. But these are veneers of a political pattern which is interwoven on a complex society system i n a world 01 which Nigeria is a part. Whilst Nieerh can dcfinitelv eive assurance of its ca~acitv for self&ernm&t and to h a h a i n law and order, a aldly Itedged ; member 01 the Commonwealth. Nieerians are hound to criticise the scandalous inconsislencies'~ of-the world which-expose the cloven h o d of certain nations i n their altitude towardsthe dsrker rnces. Whilst i t is a lact that the Commonwealth is a voluntary association which is loose. flrxihle and ad:~ptahle, and its memhers vnlue i t '.lor i t s very variety and m~;lti~licity uutlook, of its member governnienls sometimes acting i n unison, sonietimes scf:trately, but always freely exchanging views and information, :md always adding something to a common pool o f mutual understanding," nevertheless, -Nigerians can not^ be expected to I supine when such a basic human right as respec! lor human r dignity i s violated with impunity in any part of the Cornmollwealth or i n any country in the world. The challenge of Nigeria as a lree State in twentieth century Alricn is the need to revive the slnturc o l man i n Alricn and reslorc the dignity o l man in the world. Ni:erians believe p~ssio~~ately the fundamental human rights. We regard all in races 01 the human l a d y as equal. Under no circun~stance sllnll we accept the idea that the black r,we is inlerior t o any othcr race. N o matter where'this spurious doctrine may prevail. i t mov be in Lodwar or Sharvville or Decatur, we shall never nclmil ihat we are an inlerior r&e, because if we accept the Christian or Muslim doctrine that God is ~erlectand that man was made in the image of God, then it would be sacrilepious, if not lcretical. to believe that we are an inlerior race. We cannot concede that it is in our national interest to fraternise with such nations which practise race prejudice and we must not acquiesce i n such an outrageous insult on the black race. In fact. we must regard it as a mark 01 disrespxt and an unfriendly act if an) country with whom we hnvt lriendly relations indulges i n race prejudice i n any shape or form, no matter how i t may be Ieg a I l y cloaked. �Withia the Commonwealth, Nigerians cannot appreciate the equity in denying a national of any part of this free association of multi-racial states and territories his freedom of movemeol without due process of law ? We cannot see the justice in restricting the movement of any Commonwealth n~tionalarbitrarily, without dqe process of law, more so after one had served a long term of imprisonment as penalty for infraction of the law. Wc cannot approve extra-legal acts of this nature bccause they violate fundamental human rights and negatc the very idca ol' a rulc of law. We cannot refrain from questioning the cnpedicncy or these acts of tyranny and certainly nrc must denounce tl~em as an unjustified invasion on the sacred rights of the individual. Within the rank and file or the United Nations, tberc are many States who deny their citizens equality of opportttnity and deprive them offundamental human rights, for the simple reason that the colour of theirskin is black or that they are natives of Africa. We in Nigeria cannot reconcile with good government the imprisonment of an African who refuscr to wear a badge of racial inferiority which is disguised as an identification card. We cannot see the logic of a minority group, which controls Dower, to subvert the ends of aovernnient by punishin rewesentativcs of a nl~joritygroup who refuse to hc discr;mitiatcd or segregated acainst. merely on the hasis of raczand not necessarily on ary-inrradon of a law which is not repugnant to 11ulnaL1 conscience. Our people lind it extremely punlin: to belicve that 'intellisent people ca:, bc so wickrd nnd inhuman and yet bc accepted as civiliscd nations by the international comn~unity. WC in Nigeria are non-plussed and we cannot undcrstmd why many mcmber-Svates in the 1Jnited Natiims looked with disfwour a t thc idea of promulgating an international convection on human rizhls. Why are !he leading nations ol' the world interested ill msrely declaring their adhrrcncc to the ideals ol' basic human ri~hts,but are not prepred to sign a binding international convention much more to ratify it in their Parliamsnts? C o ~ ~ l d be that s x h nations believe that talks of a rulc ol' it 'law and rcspect for human dignity arc outside the periphery of world politics? Or could it hc that such nations mercly claim to be protagonists ofdemocracy but do not hclieve in this ideology as a :~racticablcprcposi~ionand way of life? .. Wc have comc a long way in achieving our indcpcndencr. It was a toughening school and the cxpcricncc we gamed has armed us with a spiritual weapon which now cni~blesus to gut t o the test the auther~ticity ol' the clsims of those who prol'css to be democratic and civilized. As such, wc ask why is it �that ahcr cxtrar?ing all its tectb. only Britain and :I Iew nrcmo bers of the Western European Union darcd i sign the European Convention on H u ~ n s nRights, whilst the many African C o b nial Powers, including France, Spain and Portugal, rcfused t o endorsc i n principle, this innocuous but face-saving conventio~i! I f respect for the rule of law and individual frecdom tllust be used as a yardstick to p u g e the progress o l civilisation among nations, then the world should be in position t o appreciate why we, i n Nigeria, have refused t o inherit the prejudi~ c of older Europedn nations by making thc basis of our fores ign policy, the principle of non-alignment with m y power bloc. As members of a mal-trcated race. i t would be the bcight o l lblly for us to hobnob with those who regard thc mcmbcrs of our race as inferior. As firm believers i n the principle 01 brotherhood of man, we should bc foolish to pretend that wc arc Itappy when the rights of our fellow human beings are w:cato~~ly trampled upon by irresponsible rulers and governmcnt agencies o undcmocratie countries. Having passed through the crucible f of pol~ticalbondagc in the furnace of coloni;tl. tulelage, how can any reasonable world statesman expect Nigerians to ;l>sociate in an alliance of mutual security with countries which still regard Africa as a colonial pasture fit lor hafaris and cattlc grctzing and not for the enjoyment o f basic human rights. Our domestic policy i s intertwined with our foreign policy. l'l~osc who have respnnsihility i o enunciate these have donc s13 i n precise terms. We are more concerned i n reviving the slaturc of man i n Africa. We have developed into a st:tgc where we now lead the r s t of Africa in the n m ~ b e rof clcmcntary and secondary schools and their population. We now. havc iostitetions of higher learning of university standard. About 10,000 of our sons and daughters are attending the leading of univcrsities of Europe and America. Our hospitals and hcalth ccntres outnumber those of any other country in Africa. Thc total inilc. age of our tarred and untarred roads measures up with the bcsl i n Africa. Our economy is expanding in the agricultural and industrial sectors, and we arc busily engagcd in slin~ulatin#investments so as to increase earning opporlunilic~for our peoplc and thereby increase their purchasing powcr itnd raisc thcir l i v ~ a c sti~nilards. Our population is highest in Af~ica, fourth in the Conlmonwcalth and thirteenth i n the world. Since the days of slavery, this contincnt had hecn dcpopulated and caploiteJ.. By 1939, that is, on the cve o l thc World War 1 , there wcrc only two indepcirdest Statcs ill Alrice: they 1 I were t h e llcpublic of L i b c r i a, n t d lr c U 11io I 14 Soutlt �Africa. A decade later. this number was increased to ,fW, ns ; I rcsult o f the restitution of thc Kingdom of Ethiop~a and 111c;~b:~ndunmcnt f the capitularies which chained tlic King. o 110111 01' F.:$!.pt i n political servllode for decades. By the r l i d '4' 1959, the n u m k r o f independent A F ~ i c i ~ n Stiites had rciicl~cd rrn. Likri;~. South Al'ric.3. Ethiopie. United Arah Kepuhli~. l ihy:~. Moroc.co. 'I'unisiii. Sud;~n. Cihnna and Guinea: that .IS >ix r~puhlics,three kingdonis and one military dict;ttorsliip. As 1 speak toilily. it i s with pride 111:lt I remind you III;II this i s Africa'* year. hcctuse sixteen Stilks hevc alrei~cly I~rcomc independent and anotlicr will bccon~e later this niontl~. o no l I I I ~i~ ~ I scven!ien. ~ The attainmenI of political freedom by (';Inreroun, Topo. Sencgi~l, Mali., Midag;~sy. Somidia, Lcopoltlvillc i'c~ngo, I~rxzz:~villc Congo. Ihliun~cy. Ivory Coi~sl. Upper Vulla. kiger. C'l~i~d, Gebon. Central Aliican Republic and Nigeria. i l l i s ycar. is :IS ilr;~tn:~~ic and S spccti~cularas t l ~ ccvcn!s in I ; s t l ~ cAl'rican contine~~t i ~ wthc d:lys of Ilic P11:ir~ohs. M ~ I . rcluni:~ will hcco~nc~III indelwnAwt ltepuhlic heforc t11e cnd 4' I l l i s n ~ o ~ t to. give sovereign and indcpcnde~)tAl'rican Stalcs h r scnrcbtwrd tol;d of twenty-seven. As we yrocccd Id l l ~ cti~sh f s.~tion-buil4ing, we cannot o ;~vuidh k i n g stock ol' llie lioslility r~gainst our race by ccrtaiu w'lions ol'humanily. rumc ol'whom itre now permicncnlly sclllc~l I t l i i s contil;cnl :~sniint>ritiesnil11gre11 political power. Wc ;arc hound to t;~he cognisuncc ol' : situ;~tionwhere a minurily I 4111 :tee-aunt 01' its supcriur organis;~tionand inlluencc. can usurp p~wcr and proceed 1) hull^ 11s m;~.iarity popu1.1tion to the point , d'sccki~ig suhtluc the111 sheer hrutc liwce and rclincd savagerer). to hy I f the outside world \vould hc disposed to wink st this <.streme rivm o f civiliwd hsrhi~rism. then it i s only s ni:ttlc'r!)l' !into. when the independent Arricae Sti~teswill come into t l w ; @-wn I plan to rescue t l ~ c i rkith and kin l'roni this sociul de;!raclation. I t i s not yet too 1;1tc l'or the European suzerains :wd associutcs o f tl~escterritories 1 ; give due warning l o their 1 w:~rds :~ndl'riends in Afric;~ to retrace their steps il' they would F\CII~C i r m llle tvratli that aould he inevitahle, in case they coatiaurd to hc pttul;tnt ;~nd incorrigible. T11c resignation o f tile Cliicf Justicc o f the C'entral African Federation is w r y ~ l ' r c s h i n . %r i t shows that even among minority groups iu . \ i Iherc are God-fe.irinp Iciders with conviction who li;~vc I d 1 1 in lllc pcaccful co-existence or Afriatcls and non A f r i c a ~ ~ r I A r c . 'l'his heroic act i s ; straw which indiatter 111;1t tllc I wind 01 cl~ange is hound 10 SWCCP away the cohwehs 01 : ve11: 1 past. I 1 :As N~gcriacnjctys 11z fl'ca!c~ir i l t l ~ cworld c v ~ l ~ ~ i u ~ i i t y , l n t i ! I.lc,ir~ to t 4 x a11 iwc?.. I : l c l I I 1111lt~1s a i f c c t i n g the dcstiny ol the rlng I 10 �,4.fric; i.bd l : r r i i *f l i v d d ?%is hs.; t c - . h k ram ne-mry !~..?%u-r o i i h r irdri..?zp.;i:ic~~:e ::if ni ~.&h:l nr>r ; ; : -;r.-.>-. ix.:..311 c a r tl:c v i i I iriroike rtie I o i liiifi.ii~ l i ~ r . > ~ i lilt rc tllr hefilthy k r a v t l ~ ~ i J a drvrlq,~rte(~~ ili.m+w~wy. We l t : ~he^^ oi 100 t u q wilti oltr W - ~ ~ . ~ [ ; + ~ il:i;.k r do l 1i:lli~nd ell ~ e n l i w w a tit ~h:ii tilost t d 311r r:wk mil ti12 1t:tvc 1.w nll sente of i n q ~ i i ~ ~ . iLtd ll~t erhics 01 t l u p'ev:dwi itltoldpies of the conlliCiirli: power blocs. O d y last weck, a young studcnt asked mc this q u c s t i ~ ~ ~ ~ "<:n~: you rccommcnd to me any in1orm:itive book on C.OI~I~III. 1 1 I. t~iwi'!" 0 1 01 curiosity, I :~skcd hcr'what she wanted to , , with such a hook, m d shc rcplicd in all innocence: ..Sit~rv ~liosc who brot~dcdst over the wireless arc so alraid of il, I would like to know why they are afraid!" This is typic11 t d llle spirit or inquiry which is now surging in our youlh : I ~ J 1s creating an intellectual ferment among them. 1 do sol i~iIv(wi~te the suppression of inlormation nor do I sugysi III ~nisinlormation:but I do hope that our friends in Ei~ropc: I I . Aiserica will appreciate the incnlculable l ~ a r mrhcy can tld h.1 the c:we of world peace by crying "Wull" when no wolf i s i t 1 sight, and no Nixererim wants l o know whether a woll ii n dog or a cat or a cross between a dog and s cot! Our primary duly with our emergence as an. A l r i c : ~ ~ ~ Power is, in the words of one 01 our learned jurists, - k ~ :Irsert the evolution of a single nation-and l o projccl IIIC ~wsonality of that nation ...A constitution i s not just : lc:~l i c t i ~ . ~ ~ m e ~ ibe interpreted us conferring or withdrawing in. to t divideal rights. A constitution is a way o l lile and the sacrcd I: clt~tyof the courts and the peoples is to interpret i t S s11cI1 :tnd jr~stifyits existence by their lives." These thought.; 01 M r Justice Coker deserve serious attention because lhcy ccrnI:~it~ pe~iiso l wisdom that can be used to cemcnl our country i r ~ : bond of unity :~nd faith and thereby direct the tho~tglils (11 I I.mr youth to constructive ends. I n the view 01 certain observers, here and abroad. ~ny. tlccision to accept and assume the oilice of Governor-Gcncr:~l has been surprising. They thought that since I was leader 111 n political party which contested the last federal elections. I should continue to fight in order to displace the present lli.:~cl of our Government, instead 01 supporting the conclusion of : I political truce and agreeing to become what tone of then1 cu. 1)hemistically described as "a prisoner in a gilded cage." Whilst I appreciate the good intentions of these critics, I should 111:1kc i t clear that rine important reason why humiin sociely is uos~able end hll of ccmtlicting emotions is hecause oI' the t e n d e n c v t,r i n t c t i s i l ' y r i v a l r y btyoud tlicii ~ 4 I t i W l l l rbf . . ....,. . ,........ . . .. ���normal course. After all, o w leaders fought the good fight with all heir might because they believed in the righteousness of their causes; and bistory has proved them right. But they also knew that in a team of many players all caniiot be elected cappains since it is generally awxpted that more than one I .!pt:i;.i cannot run a ship efficicrrtly. That was what Douglss hf;~lloch must have had .in mind when be composed these irnmnrtnl lines: If you can't he a pine on the top of the hill Be a scrub in the va1le)'-. hut he The Irsi little scrub by the side of 111e rill; Ile a bash if you can't he a tree. If you can't hc :I hush he.a hit of the grass, And s o n ~ chighway s o ~ r ~ e happier make: kic If you C:III'~ lw :I n ~ ~ ~ s tl~cnjust lie a bassnut the liveliest h:~ss in t l ~ e lake! We can't all .he captains, we've got to be crew, I'here's something for all of us here. Thrre'a big work to d o uutl there's lesser lo do, And tlic tnsk we lnusl d o is the near. If you wn't he ;I highway then just he a trail, If you can't he t11e sun he a star; It isn't by sim tliat yo11 wit1 or yc11 failne the liest of wh::trver you are! ' 1 am sntislied that the preseni arrangements made hy tbose of up, who may be rightly described as the makers ofconlenlporary Nigeria, huve u\liered freedom into our country :ind presrrvcd our unity a s it nation. I an1 happy that history l ~ a s assigned to me an important part to play in order that this unity m y hnvc lasting effects and bring home to our people the need to maintain it relieiously. 1 am all the more overjoyed tlut Nigeria is free and independent without necesswily going the way of certain States in Africa, Asia and Europe, w11oqe instability has heen of great concern to tho United Nntionn I the rest of the world. 1f I :rm asked whether 1 am happy-because Nigeria is free, and the Nigerian Governnlenl appears to he stable, and the penp.le or Nigeria. arc apparently satislied that the orize of freedom and the pricc of our leaders paid for it werc worth die s a c r i f i c e , I v o u l d a n s w e . r in t h e aflirmative. It is t r u e t b ~ t t l l e r c o m p a t r i o t s o 14 �and 1 had to scale the craggy heights as we trekked the stony Ciolgotha of human .life. I t i s truc that during ihc strugglc. whose climax was reached after a greater part of a quarter of a century, our lot was one o l vicissitudes and disappoint~ncnts: ncvcrthcless 1 am grateful to God that I did not swcrvc fro111 our objective, i n spite o f mutilution of facts, amorphous interpretation and deliherate pcrversion o l my ~ t u a role. . T l ~ cconl test was tough, the encounters were rough. i ~ n d tllc 1cr was in~pl;~cablc; neverthclcss wc fought tenucioualy ;~ccordingto the rulcs o l thc gamc. even when our opponent decidcci to meak in ; rabbit punch. And we have emerged triutnph:intly! I I niust confess thet during the dark and dreary days c i l w r struggle lor n;~lional frcedom. ooe pcwn busl;~inctlwe spi~ i l u a l l yand r;~iscd my morslo so much that I did not bollicr ciihrr to count the cost or to reckon the casuali:icss~~s(ui~~ed . clwing our histo!ic conflict for a place i n the sun. I t was w c a Rudyard Kiplmg's poems and I shall now read it: 4 "If you can kecp your head when all about you Are losing tlicirs ;lnd bl:~niing it on yvu. I f you can trust yourself when all iuen cloubt y ~ ~ u . But makc allvwancc for their doubting, too: . II you c;ln wait and not bc tired by waiting, Or being lied about, don't dcal in tics. Or k i n g hated don't give wily to hating, And yet don't look too good. nor talk loo wise; JI you can dream -and not make dreams your w:ister; I f you csn think-and not makc thouplith your ~I~III. 11 you can nicct with triun~ph and tlis~stcr And treat those two impostors just thc w r c : l i you can bear t o hear the truth you've s p o k c ~ ~ Twistcd by knavcc to make a trap for fools Or wntcl~ things you gavc your lilc to. broket~, thc And stoop and huild'c~nup with worn-out toolx c 11 you CUI ~ l ~ a kone llc;lp of dl your witmiups And risk i t on w e turn ol' p.itrl~.actrl-tiw. And lose. and b t s t 28d!1 at )Our beft!tnl~l:: o x And llevcr bredthe a word about your 1 ; �11 you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone. And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the will which .says to them: "Hold o ! n" If you can talk with crowds and kcep your virtue. Or walk with kings-nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends cun hurt you, If all men count with you, but nonc too much; If you can fill thc unforgiving minute With sixty seconds' worth of distance run, Yours is thc earth and everythiug that's in it, And-which is more-you'll be a man, my $on! Independence has come and the world has rejoiced with us. We have proved to be worthy. pioneers of human freedom in Nigeria. What remains for us to do now is lo dedicate our lives anew to the fascinating task of nation huilding. Thc past is gone with all its bitterness and raocour and recriminations. The future is before us and great events await the leadership of the wise and brave. We have an upllill task to perform and this is: not the timc for us to undertake a post morrrm operation in order to allocatc blames among our leaders and followers. The issue is not who is right atid who is wrong: the main issue is %hat is right for the FeJcriltion of Nigeria and For humanity! - In assuming the office of Governor-General and Commander. in-Chief, I hereby call upon my compatriots to join Albaji Abubakar and myself in this historic tiiissio~~ reviving the of staturc of man in Africa. There is plcaly of room at the lop and there is plenty of work to be done. 1 call upon Alhaji Ahmadu Bcllo, the Sardauna of Sokoto, to join us in this herculean task of:natioiial reconstruction. I exhort Chief Obafen~i Awolowo to associate with us in this great adventure of rcstoring the dignity of man in the world. - There a r e many Icaders who can give active support and assistance to our nation at this its supreme hour of necd: Chic1 Samuel Ladoke Akintola and Dennis Chukudc Osadcbtiy of Wcstsrn Nigeria, Dr Michael lheonukara Okpafit and Samucl Grace Ikoku of Eastern Nigeria, Mallant Aminu Kano, Mallam lbralim Imam and J.S. Tarka of Northern N~geria, and countless othcrs. I a p l w l lo all our leaders. Ihr and mar, to lorget the wounds which were infliclcd. in course of our inlcrnccine altercations. 'The love ,of our couulry i 6 �should out-ureiph the love of our pctty selves. The enjoyment or individual freedom under the law should mean more to us than our self-centrd party programmes :tnd manifestos. Common dangers and common enemies alert 11s on the need for common security The Eritish came here in 1851 and found us hope1:ssly dividcd in tribal compartments. When Britain transferred power to us on 1st Octobcr, 1560, wc were no longer t C an expression of geograph). b ~ a reality o history. During all cur Scars of r.oli~ical vassnlogc we bccame socially and economically integrated. Wc have also drrvdoped an identity. ol' i~:tetcs: and we bnvc crystalliscd common nationality. Thc process of political intzgrwtion reachcd its x i ~ i t l i.t midnight of 30th September, 1960. w ! we lustily sang cur Yational ~ Antkem and cnur Salisnnl I:~:Ic. was hoistcd aloft to signal thc birth of a cew nation. Conic and join Abubakx with me, :;ardaun;:, Awolowo, Akintola, Osadebay. Okpara, Ihoku, Aminu limo. Ibrahim Imam and TarLa. Let us bind the nntinn's \vound and let us heal the hreaches of the past so tl!at i n li>rg!ng our nation there shall emerge on this coi~linent a hale- frcu., fear free and greedfree peopie, who shall be in thc van!y:~rd ofa world task I'orce, whose assignment is not only to revivc tkc stature of man in Africa, but to restore the dignity of n;nn in thc world. - As f i ~ r IIIC, my ~tilfcsl earthly assignment is c c d d a~:d my major lire's work is done. M y Country is now fret. and 1 havc bezn honoured to hc its first indigcn:?os ticad of Slate. What more could one desire in -lift? I tl;:in!< C i x l Tor $paring my lifc to witness the indcpcndam of my ri.~;iveland. i am grateful to God lor the opportunity to serve and I hcrcby plcdfz sclcmnly to irndcr faithful aod loyal scrvicc to my country. As in the past, I shall no1 h:we cc>nsideration for personal comiorls or safety or even !ire iwelf, if t!icsr: zre tlx price I must pay lor leadersl~ipi n ordcr to prcservc the lrccdom and unity of my country. The Itidependencc oi Nigeria was :o~gcpcd!j. lou$~t rnd dearly won. During o\lr pr~tractcdh:~ttlcs. srmc of our heroes and heroines fu!l by the way side; solnc went lhi: way of a11 flesh; some mid with their lives; some were inc;~rccrate& some,lost their jobs: some sacriliccd their fort~tncs; sonic were oslrac~sed: whilst scmc werc vic!imiscd and made to suNcr indi~nilybecause lhry chrej to d e m d frccdom for Nigeria in our lifetime. Therckorc, wc most jcnlously guard our lr~edom with our lives, if need be. I haw m d c up my mind to (lo :all lbat lies in my power, so thst our newly.-won Ircedom s!iall endure. 17 �All that remains to be done now is for our leaders nnd their followers to demonstmtr that spirirunl resilience which had enabled us to survive the onslaught of the past. With faith in the eventual success of our adventure in the comity of nations, we can look rotward to the morrow with hape and charity for our fellow mad knowing that the task has hren well donc and that prospects of the futurr are bright. I n the words of r distinguished Alnericnn port. 1.anpston Hughes. let us youthf~~lly march tngether to a greater tomorrow for Nigeria in unity with faith: -Wc haw tonlorrow nrigl~t kktre 11s Like a flame. Yesterdnv, n night-gone thing, sun-down name. A And dawn today, h a r d arch above the rosd we came. We march." �,Vontes ipt full.- Nwsmdi Azikiwe. My original Christian name war "Renjamin" h:lt 1 rejcctrd i t in luly 1!134. aft21 thz Britirh Empire Games Clouncil rcfuretl to allow me to compete I n , the f131f Mile afid One Mile races at the British Empic Games of 1034, on technical grouudc. Fdfhrr..- Ohrdctlon Clwkw~~cmckn ~\;riki\w.h4~m ?nil No\'ember, 1879: son of A7ikiwe.Chr1kwsdc. 0flh11cii Nwaw~~laru, of the I l n ~ ~ s c of Mnlokwu and Mbiilokwu. Oghenlw Quartel.. s Onilsha: educated C.M.S. Central School. O n i t h . and C.hl.S: Tr:iiningCollege, Asaba, 1897: joined the N i p i n Rriptic. a< Clerk in 1901 under Lord Lugard at Zun:era. capit:tl of Northern Niscri:~: retired on pension from the civil service in 192.5 under Nigeria Regirncnt. Third Hattalion. Calahar; died on 3rd March, 1958. His obituary h : ~ hren puhlihed in the Ninot geria Camre, a$ is customary in the case of other pensioners. MoMm.--Rnchel C'hinw A7ikiwc. horn ISM (?), daushter of Cliiel A:hndiunt> Ajie. thc Oh of Onitshn Ndichie Chief or Olri I ldogwu, kin^ 14Onitsha whose and grrst-gr:~~~d-da~~~.~I~t~r son and im~nediatcswces$or, Obi Akamf-, signed a 'I'resry of Commerce with greiit Hritain in 196.1; native of O t b d i Eke Quarter, Onitsha; iliilerate: died on 36th January, 1958. .. noth pareal* wrre haptired in the C.M.S. Church, Onitsha. hly only sister is Cecilia Cziamakr Arioxe of I? Ihol:u C-trtrt, Onitsha. Dafeof Birth,- Wednesday, 16th November, 1904 12 noon. P l m o birth.-Zungeru, Northern N&eria. f . , �WiTc.- Flora Ogbenyeanu Ogcegbunam, born 7th August, 1917; daughter of Chief Ogoegbunam, the Adazia of Onitsha (Ndichie chief), native of Ogboli Agbor Quarter, Onitsha; baptised s t C.M.S. Church, Onitsha; educated C.M.S. Central School, Onitsha, and St Monica's School, Ugwuogba; Storer College. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, U.S.A. and .obtained the B.A. degrcc from Howard University, Washington, D.C., U S A . in June 1955. Married on 4th April, 1936 in the Jamcstown Mctbodist Church, Accra, Ghana, by Rev.J.J. Mettle. Children.- (I) Chukwuma Bamidelc, born 10th February. 1940. (2) Chukwuemeka Nwabofo Ayo, born 2lst June. 1941; (3) Nwachukwu Abiodum, born 24th Deccqber, 1944; (4) Ngozichukwu Obiozo (female), born 30th September. ,1946. Chukwuma is a Sophomore a t Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass., 1J.S.A.; Chukwuemeka is a fourth year second;~ry student at the Dennis Memorial Grammar School, :Onitsha, Nwachukww is a second year Secundary student at the Govcrntnent Collcge, Umuahia; Nfozi is a second year secondary rtudcnr at C!uccn's School, Enugu. . Elcmmfory Eduction.C.M.S. Central School Onitsha (1911-1915); Melhodist Boys' High School, Lagos (1915-1918); C.M.S. Central School, Onitsha (1918). Pupil Tcscher at St. Jude's C.M.S. Central School, Oraifitc (1919) and at C.M.S. Central School; Onitsha (January-March, 1920). Secondary Educution.- Hopc Waddell Training Instit~ilc, Calabar [April-August 19201: Methodist Boys' High School. Lagos [.September 1920-September 19211: Storer Collcge, Harpers I'erry, West Virginia, U.S.A. C1925-19261. University Education.-Slorer College, Harpers Ferry, West \'ir~itiia C1926-19273: Howard University, Washington. D.C. 11923-19161: Lincoln Universtty, Chestcr County Pennsylvania C1929--19311; Univers~ty of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsy. ivania [193i-19.331; Cblomhia University, New York (summer of 19.30, 1931, 1932). Academic Distinctiorts.-Certilicate in Law, Fasallc Extention Ilniversity. Chicago, 1927; B. A. [Hons. in Political Science], Lincoln University. 1930; Qrtificate in Journalism, Teachers CoIlcge, Colombia University, 1930: Editor of Colombia University Summer Session Times [1930]; M.A. [Hons. in Religion and Philosophy], Lincoln University, 1932; M.Sc. [Hons. in Anthropology]. U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a . 1933; LL.D. Lt1on.J L i n c o l n U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 4 6: D.Litt. 20 �(Hon.), Storer College, 1917; LL.D. (Hon.;, Howard University. 1954; LL.D. (Hon.). Michigan State University, 1959. Travels Abrond.- (a) Gold Coast. June 1924 (returned September 1924); (b) United Kingdom and United States of America, August 1925 (returned October 1934; ( c ) Gold Coast November 1934 (returned July 1937); ( d ) United Kingdom, June 1943 (returned September 1943): (e) United States of America and United Kingdom. May 1947 (returned October1947); (f) llnitell Kingdom, France. Switzerland, Ilnited Stales and Canada. October 1949 (returned February 1950); (,q) Finland (Olympic Games) 1952; ( h ) Holland. Western Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy, United States, May 1954 (returned July 1954); ( i ) Western Germany and United Slates. August 1955 (returned November 1955); ( j ) France, June 1957: (k) Italy (Olympic Games). August-September 1960: (1) llnited Kingdom, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960. Clubs. Sociefies.-Young Men's Literary Society. Lagos (1922-1924); LXamond Football Club, I.ogos ( 1922-1924); Onitsha Friendly Society, Lagos (1923-1924); Onitshs Literary Society, Onirsha (1925). Leyal Servants Association Calabar (1925); Young Men's Christian Association, Storer College. Harpers Ferry, W. Va. 1925-27); international Club of Howsrd University (1928); Stylus Literary Society of Jioward University (1928); Phi He!a Sigma Fralernity of Howard University (Alpha Chapter. 1929) and Lincoln University (Mu Chapter. 1930-1934); International Club of Colunlbia University. Kiverside Ihive, New York(1930-1932) Mercury Athletic Club of New York (1932-1934); Sodalitos Scientiac Civilis of Lincoln Gold University (1934); Rodger Club of Accra (1935-1937; Coast Lawn Tennis Club of Accra. (1935-1937; Onitsha Improvement Union (since 1937); Patron, Zikis Athlelic Club (since 1938); President, Nigerian Cricket Associ~tion(1910-1944); President, Nigerian Swimming Association (1938-1914); Life member of the West African Students Union (since 1913); P a t r ~ n Uromi Improvement IJnion (1945-1946); Patron of ljebu -1gbo Welfare and Patriotic Association ( 1945-1946); island Club of Lagos (19444949); Member of Ekiapu Society of Buyma, Kalabori (since 1946; President. Ibo State Union (1949-1951): Vie-Chairman, Nigeria Boxing Board of Control (since 1949): President. Lagos I k t r i c t Amateur Football Association (19511954); President, Amateur Athletic Associarion of Nigeria (since 1952); President, Nigeria Table Tennis A s s c c i a t i 0 n (since 195:): V i c e-P a t r o n and C o m m i t 1 e e Member. N i g e r i a n O l y m p i c C o m m i t t e e and B r i t i s h 21 �:llhlclir Ac?i~~itiitirs:-l<cscrvc Goal-kccpur and Forward. First I:lrvc~~.X1~:tliodist Uoys' High Scl~(~ol.I.;tgos [19?1]: I l i g h IIII ('lialnpi~n, M.lLtl.S..atid IIII l~tnpirc1X1y Cllanipiu~l.(1921) I t I ~ ~ s i t lForward Ihr Iliamond F~wtball c Cluh. Lagos C ' l ~ a ~ n Imtns I.l9?3]: \Vcltcrwei~Iit Boxing Champion. Storer Collcgu 1 1!)25-.-192iI; High Junip C l i i ~ m p i o ~and Gold Med;dli*t. l Iloward I!niversity Inter-Scholastic Games, 1926: Gold Mctlalli\t I I i;~ll.iwing cvcnts at S!orcr Collcac Cliampio~~sliips. I 1926: C ' r w t'oirntry [four miles]. One Mile Run. Qunricr Milc Kecc. Ilipll UIII I Silvcr Mednllist in the Pentathlnn o f lllc s:ullc ('l~ampionships: Captain. Storcr Collegc Cross Country 'I'LXIII 1 7 ] : Survivor I3ron/*: Medallist in [lie L.!turcl - Ihllinlcrrc >laralhon [IY27]: lirst placc winner in lhc Onc Milc I<IIII a1111 third plncc winner in the Half Mile Racc at the tlow;~rtl Ilt~ivcrsity Intra Murnl Championships [spring I920 1: Ilacb alrtAc Swimming Champion and S:, 3 Swininier i n the I'rcestyle Relay Tcam o r tlo\\;ard llniversiiy [winter 1928 1: <'(I. 1 1 n Lincoln IJniwrbity Soccer 'Tean~ [ i 9 3 0 j : \vinncr 'Two hlilcs Run in dual chan~piorship hctween Lincoln 1!11i\wsiry and Cheyacy Sti~tc Collcgc [ 1930 !: Silvcr Mcd:illisl in t l ~ c '1 NII Milcs Kun at the Ccntr;d inier Collcgiatc ~\thlctie Asso. h i o n Clianipim4iips held at Hampion Ins~itutc,Vireinia ( l 9 l l ) : point winner in tlie I3altiniore Cross Country Marathon (192')); l031l: Hrtrnze Medallist in thc Richmond C r m Country M i ~ r a t h o ~ ~ (I1)?I): point winncr i n the Middle Atlmtic A.A.U. Cross Country C'I1:111ipionahilrss(1932): Gold Medallist in tlie 1.000 Y:!rds Run 41 the C'~~lcdoni;~n Games in Broohlyn. X. Y. (19321: Goltl M e tl;~llist irt the Onc Milc Run and 'I'hrec Milcs Run at lhc Y. >I.C..2. G:tmcs in New York (1932): Silver l r o p l i y winner i n illc H:IIT- Mile Racc and Silvcr Cup winncr in the One Mile I I tlic Dcniocratic 1-icld Day Chatnpionships hcld at NEW Il.tvca. Connecticut ( !933]: untrics to conipelc in the 11:tIr>lilr R : w and One Milc Run at thc Hriiidi, Empire Gan~cs I ! r c r c ~ i~ t r rejcctcd by thc A. A. A. ,I[ Great Uriiain *!11 tech~~ical ;rounds [ 19341: runncrs-up [ w i t h (i. Dorgu J K. ; thc Laxos Tcnnis Men's Iloublcs Chanipionsliips~[Divisiot~ + I I3 1938 1; anchor man fc~r the Z. A. C. tcam wllicll won thv 31 I'ilrd.; Free Slyle Rcla!, ; ~ tthe l..npos Swimniing Cli;ltnpiwtdlirs 19.W j: ~ I I "l.eltcrs" in ;~thlcrics ;and cross coontr) I at S t ~ I l I e S " . i l t ~ ~ i i i ~ ~ g l u w a r t l Unlit1 I il! versit:.. .111di11t\!11leti c 5 , C r o s s COUIILI~JII~SOCL.LI - - - r �Lincoln University; Foutldcr [with M. R. I . Ottun ] of thc t k ' t ) Athletic Club to promote athlutics, boxing. cricket. soccer, swinlnli~lgand tennis [ 1938 1. Polilicd Activities:-Executiva Committcc Mcmbcr ol' M a m b i ~ I1;lrly, AccW (1935 1937 ): Executive Conimittcc Member of I Nigerian Youth Movcmcnt. Lagos (1937 - 1941); Mcmber U Gnvcrnmcnl Advisory Committee to Students Procccdieg to the llnited Kingdom (1939): Member ol' <;overnmcnt Advihory Comfnitlee on Libraries (1940'): Member o f thc Lagos R w t I\sacsz-men1 Board (1941-1944): Member ol' thc Llgos Bro:tdw.llstiog Conimittcc (1940-1945); Gencri~l Secrelary o f thc Wcst African Press Delegation to the Unitcd Kingdom (1943): Mcmbcr o r lhe Rrookc Arbitration Tribunal to inquirc inro thc d~sl)ute hctwccn thc African Locomotive Drivers' Union ;and rhc N i p h ~ I W w a y (1944): General Secretary. National Council (4 N~gori;~ ' a t ~ dlhc Canicroons ( 1944-1946); President o f the N. (:. N. 1. ( 1946--1960); Vice-President o f the Nigerian National Dcn~ocrali~. I'arty (1947.-1960): Member of the Foot Conimisuio~i Tor Iltc Niprianisation o f thc Civil Servicc (1948): Mcmbcr o f t h e ('a~rrcrtw Arbitrillion Triburxtl to inquire info the disputc bctwecn ilue Ikril\vay A l i i w n Station Stalf Workers' . Union and the Nigcri;w Ihilway (1948): Member for Lagos in thc Lcgislativc Couwil of Nigcria (1947-1951); Member Tor Lagos :uid LcaJcr ~ r ftbc Opposition in the Western House o f Assembly (1952 -. 1051); Mcnibcr for Oaitsha in the Eastcrn Housc o f Assembly (1954 19.59); Lcader o f Govcrnmcnt Business ill the Eastern t l o u s ~ OF Assembly. January t u September 1954: Member ol' thc 14ousc of I<cprcscntativcs (1954 and 1960): Minister ol' 1.ocid (jovcrutncnt. Eastern Nigeria (January Lo September 1954); Minister vl' Inlcrnal Allbirs, Eastern Nigeria (1954-1957): Leader of lhc L:.conotnic Mission to Europe ond North Amcrica under ihe ;~uspiccs f the Governnienl or the Eastcrn Region (1954): MI o Ir bcr o His Excellency's Privy Council, Eastcrn Nigeria (l'JS4 l')S1)): I-cadcr nf thc Educational Missions to Elrropc and United SMcs af America fn: the establishment 01' thc Univcrsily nl' Nigeria, under the auspices ol' the Governmcst ol' the l;:~slcw Rcgivn (I955 and 1959): Prcmicr of Eastern Nigeria (Is1 Scplcmhcr, 1954--12th l>ccenibw. 1959); Prcsidcnl ol' the Scn:~lc ol' thc I.kdcr:~tio~l (.lanuary 11)60 Novunhcr lSth 1?60 ); G(~VC~II,Itic~!rr;~l :tnd Cunl~na~~dcr-in- k f o f Niy-ria ( NOVCIII~~T lblh Cl IOOO-). - - - - Prole.wional Acfiei1ks:--Third-clajs Clerk, Treasury ikpurtment. l o . O c t l c r Il)?l,-JIIW 1924; Kccruil. Gold Coast I'olicc ::t)rcr, l u l v . . Scptetulw 1')?4; So li ci l w ' s (:lcrh tu t l ~ cldtc hlr Jusrite Clratldn~ l.'.~ul at C la b a r. Jdnudly LV . 3 �August 1925: Instructor in Political Science, Lincoln University, Penna. (1931-1934); University Correspondcnt for the General and Sports I3altimore Ajro..Ammican (1928-1934); Correspondent for the. Philadelphia Tribune (1928-1934j; Overseas Member of the Institute of journalists, London (since 1933): Editor-in-Chief of the African Morning Post, Accra (1934-1937): Editor-in-Chief of the West Ajrican Pilot (November 1937 to July 1945); Correspondent for the Associated Negro Press (19441947); Correspondent lor Rccter's (1944-1916): Managing Director of Zik's Press Limikd, Printers and Publishers of the West African Pilot (Lagos). Eastern fiigeria Guardian (Port Harcourt), Nigerian Spokesman (Onitshn), Southern Nigfria Defmder ((badan). D0il.v Comct (Kanci), and Earrent Sentinel (tnugu), (1937 1952): Managing Director of .Conlet Press Limited (19451953): Chairman of West African Pilot Limited a:~d ihe Associated Newspapers of Nigeria Limited and six other limited !iability companies (1952-1953): Chairman of African Conti:lental Bank Limited (1944-1953); Chairman, Nigerian Real Estate Corporation Limited 1952-1953). . Learird Societirr.-Life Fe1l:w of the Royal ~conomic Society (1934): Life Fellow of the Royal Anthropolo@cal Institute (1933); Life member of the British Association fur the Advancement of Science (1947;; hlcmher of the American Society of laternationcl Law (1933-1934): Member of the American Anthropological Association (1932-1934); Member of the American Political Sciencz Society (1933-1934): Member of the American Ethnological Society (1933-1934). L h r a y Ac1hities.-(a) Publications: (I) Liberia in World Politics (Stockwell, London, 1934); (2) Renascent Al&a (Zik's Press, Lagos, 1937): (3) Land Tenure in Northern Nixeria: A study of Treaty Righu of the Royal Niger Company (African Book Company, 1.agos. 1942); (4) Taxation in Nigtria (African Book Blueprint of Nigeria (AfriCompany, Onitsha, 1943): (5) Pol~fical can Book Company, Lagos, 1943); (6) Economic Reconstruction of Nigeria (.tfrican Book Company, Lagos, 1943): (7) Suppression of the Press in Arigeriu (Afiican Rook Conlpany, Onitsha, 1945): (8) with L. P. Ojukwu) Economic Rchabililation ofEastern N i p i a (Governmer:t Printer, Enugu). (b) Typescripts: (I) A Cr~tique i P o ~ g y r (Lincoln University, o y 1932); [2] The Practice ofForced Labour (Lincoln University, 1931): (3) Theories on the Origins or the State (University of P e n n s y l v a n i n Seminar, 1933); (4) At y t h o l o g y in 24 �Onitsha Society (University of Pennsylvania thesis, 1933); (5) Ant& ropolo~yand the Problem o Ruce (Lincoln University, 1933); (6) f SyIIabusfaAjrifdn History (Lincoln University, 1933); (7) Readings in Historiogrnpky (Lincoln. University, 1933). (8) Meditations: A collection of Poems: ( 9 ) The African in History: Ancient, Medieval, Modern and Contemporary; (10) My Odyssey; ( I I) Graf mmar o Nigerian Politics; (12) Fragments o Onitsha History; (13) f Histmy o the Goneral Jtrike: A study of Labour Problem; (i4) f f Ambassudors o Goodwill; (15) History o the Nigm'an Constitution; f (16) Nigzrian Treaties; (17) Our Struggle for Preedm: A Collection of Speeches; (18) Anthology ofNigericrn Poetry; (19) Trewrj, o West Afncan Poetry; (20) Africm Sovereign States; (21) Nigerion f Diplomucy; (22) Pan-AJricanism Addresses.Official address: State House, Lagos. Nigeria. Country Residences: (a) Onitsha Mansion, Ikeja, Nigeria. (b) Zungeru Haven, Okolo Street, Onitsha, Nigeria. (c) Onuiyi Haven, Nsukka. Nigeria. Postal Addresses: (a) P. 0 BOX 573. Lagos, . Nigeria. (b) P. 0. Box 53, Onitsha. (c) P. 0. Box 7, Nsukka, Nigeria. ' ���4. ~ a t t & o fufe and Death 5. h e Love for Ever - 6. .Wretched Orphan ' . 7. . , - ?I- -. 1/6d. I ! Disaster in the Realms of love - .\ 1/6d. 1/6d. . 1 When Love Whispers - C 9. Romance in ~ i & r i a nPolitics - (in printing) 10. Broken Engagement - - 1/3d. . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Onitsha Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Respect for human dignity : an inaugural address Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 1905-1996 Type The nature or genre of the resource Onitsha market literature Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Onitsha, Nigeria : Union Publishing Company Language A language of the resource English Subject The topic of the resource Nigerian literature (English) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ksrl.c3324 Description An account of the resource A pamphlet of a political nature, '<em>Respect for Human Dignity</em>', is Nnamdi Azikiwe's Inaugural Address as the first African Governor-General and Commander in Chief of the Federation of Nigeria. Addressing his fellow Nigerians on 16 November 1960, Azikiwe, a prominent nationalist, celebrates the transformation of governorship in Nigeria from "an instrument of absolute authority" during the colonial era to "an instrument of constitutional authority" now that Nigeria is a sovereign state, (pg.2). In his address he includes some political history of the transition to representative democracy before focusing on the themes of human rights and dignity.<br /><br />He equates his oaths as Nigeria's new leader with the challenge to maintain respect for human dignity, (pg.6). As Nigeria moves out of the colonial past, Azikiwe observes, "<em>The lack of respect for human dignity has led to the political bondage of man by man in Africa,</em>" (pg.6). He continues, "<em>Under no circumstance shall we accept the idea that the black race is inferior to any other race.</em>" (pg.7). In fact, Azikiwe pledges that Nigeria will avoid entering into relationships with any nations that "practice race prejudice . . . no matter how it may be legally cloaked, (pg.7). Azikiwe forcefully argues,"<em>Without respect for the rule of law permeating our political fabric, Nigeria would degenerate into a dictatorship with its twin relatives of tyranny and despotism. I hold that the arbitrary exercise of power without the restraining influence of the rule of law must be condemned as a fundamental departure from constitutional government. Any justification of such untrammeled exercise of political power is, to me, an outrage on human conscience and a gross violation of human rights,</em>" (pg.6).<br /><br />He sets an agenda for his country that has "come a long way in achieving our independence," (pg.8). In addition, he calls on Africans across the continent to join in liberating efforts. Referring to several white settler regimes <em>"as minorities with great political power"</em> in various parts of Africa, Azikiwe warns that "it is only a matter of time, when the independent African States will come into their own and plan to rescue their kith and kin from this social degradation," (pg.10). Quoting Langston Hughes at the end of his address, Azikiwe calls on Nigerians to <em>"youthfully march together to a greater tomorrow for Nigeria in unity with faith,"</em> (pg.18).<br /><br />This historic speech remains important as a document of the optimistic days surrounding Nigeria's nascent democracy. This was an exuberant time which preceded the crisis and suffering of the Biafran War and the military coups and dictators that came to characterize Nigerian government. With the 2003 re-election of Olusegun Obasanjo as President, Nigeria has returned towards the path to representative democracy. The hope of many Nigerians is that in the21st century an executive leader will serve as "an instrument of constitutional authority," as Azikiwe noted over 40 years ago, (pg.2). Azikiwe's charge in 1960 holds true for Nigerians today: "<em>I appeal to all our leaders, far and near, to forget the wounds which were inflicted in the course of our internecine altercations. The love of our country should out-weight the love of our petty selves,"</em>&nbsp;(pg.16-17). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. However, for this Item, either (a) no rights-holder(s) have been identified or (b) one or more rights-holder(s) have been identified but none have been located. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-RUU/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-RUU/1.0/</a> https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/98e0a76f982374000cd723178914e2b3.jpg 37d9269c40cf958d42b40a232b40b6d1 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 600 Height 414 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nobel Laureates In Literature Around The Globe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gao Xingjian 高行健 Subject The topic of the resource About Gao Xingjian 高行健 Description An account of the resource Gao Xingjian is the first Chinese recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was born in 1940 in Jiangxi province in eastern China, and has lived in France since 1987. Gao Xingjian is that rare artist who excels as novelist, playwright, essayist, director, and painter. In addition to Soul Mountain and One Man's Bible; The Other Shore, a book of his plays; and Return to Painting, a volume of his paintings, have been published in the United States. Gao Xingjian was condemned by the authorities for his "decadent" ideas, forbidden to publish his immensely popular plays during the early 1980s, and was diagnosed with lung cancer. He readied himself for death, but a second Xray granted him a clean bill of health. In light of this miraculous reprieve and rumors of his impending arrest, Gao Xingjian left Beijing and spent five months wandering the forests of central China. His novel traces such a journey to Lingshan (Soul Mountain), which may or may not exist, as a universal quest of the I, you, he, she narrator that ponders and mourns the tragedies of a vast land--the violence, oppression, and sexism; the clear-cutting of forests, pollution of rivers, and forced extinction of animals; the destruction of temples and suppression of art. Gao Xingjian's masterpiece expresses sorrow and anger, wonder and confusion, humor and metaphysics, lust and tenderness, and a profound longing for meaning and freedom. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edited from Booklist by Donna Seaman, American Library Association Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://guides.lib.ku.edu/content.php?pid=552218&sid=4551361 first Chinese recipient of the Nobel Prize Nobel One Man's Bible https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/756cbb142765ffbc3a88e996d9cb7bae.jpg 09695b7e0c9bf3fca3cfb53396d4adf8 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1493 Height 2198 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Swahili Description An account of the resource Swahili literature images Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Swahili Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mashimo ya mfalme Sulemani [King Solomon's mines] Description An account of the resource Abridged Swahili translation of Haggard’s King Solomon’s Mines. Call Number: PR4731 .K5 S9 1948 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Haggard, Rider H. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Arusha: Longman Tanzania, 1948. Language A language of the resource Swahili Mashimo ya mfalme sulemani Swahili swaili translation https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/7443c9d6d896bc503cea6cffe63187f5.jpg de5ce5f348339642f3429316326864d1 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1519 Height 2137 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Swahili Description An account of the resource Swahili literature images Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Swahili Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Utenzi wa vita vya uhuru, 1939 hata 1945 [Poem of the war of freedom, 1939 to 1945] Description An account of the resource Utenzi wa vita vya uhuru, composed by the noted and prolific Tanzanian author, Shaaban Robert, is possibly the longest utenzi poem ever written. In 3,000 stanzas, Robert recounts the events of World War II from the German invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939 to the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945. The entire war is summarized, with inclusion of important battles and events of the struggle. The poem is important for its presentation of the African perspective on the war and its depiction of the role of African troops in various arenas of wartime activity. So far as is known, it is the first of the utenzi poems to relate events occurring outside the East African sphere of events. Call Number: PL8704.R54 U84 1967 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert, Shaaban Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1967. Language A language of the resource Swahili, English Swahili swahilipoetry https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/ed772798b8310aaac5427e95ab9d7ebe.jpg 5ef60b8f1bc8dc4aa19b9e16c015e850 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clinton Lake and the Flood of 1951 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Just tidying up the landscape folks..."&nbsp;<em>KC Star&nbsp;</em>article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource <em>Kansas City Star</em> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Sept. 2, 1975 https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/181a2bfda8cc6d11a2751e5c5f0169ad.jpg e73c2bae561cad732099e49995e13963 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <em>"Guilty or Not Guilty?": Speeches from the dock, or Protests of Irish Patriotism.: The Manchester Tragedy and the Cruise of the Jacknell Packet.: "The Wearing of the Green," or The Prosecuted Funeral Procession, &amp;c</em> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource <p>Sullivan, T. D. (Timothy Daniel), 1827-1914<br />Sullivan, A. M. (Alexander Martin), 1830-1884<br />Sullivan, D. B. (Denis Baylor), -1909</p> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Dublin: A.M. Sullivan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1868[-1872] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=2625204" target="_blank">O'Hegarty B2780</a> Description An account of the resource Illustration of Manchester Martyrs, captioned "God Save Ireland", facing page 38. https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/a0a2d7799510ce6dccccac434eb13bc6.jpg dcce70077d934f20ba91a4787b3fdb03 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 297 Height 447 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Celebrating East Asian Studies Scholarship Description An account of the resource East Asian Studies Scholarship Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Polygamy and sublime passion sexuality in China on the verge of modernity Subject The topic of the resource Polygamy Description An account of the resource The author provides a thought provoking literary history of the normative ideal of polygamy from the late Ming to the late Qing, countering the ideal with the theme of sublime love between two people. McMahon argues that the fantasies of polygamy had intimate ties to the imagination of political power and sheds new light on texts that increasingly have been employed to redefine China’s literary transition to modernity. He reads late Qing love stories in a historically symbolic way by taking them as part of a larger fantasy of Chinese civilization undergoing fundamental crisis. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource 4. McMahon, K Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Honolulu, Hawai'i: University of Hawai'i Press. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 East Asian late Ming to the late Qing polygamy https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/3f88c0fb8f67eca63d8eb60b8b2e8bd7.jpg 4229c559a72747c2731409d4212e1d34 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1309 Height 1060 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String date_created:09.03.2011 IPTC Array a:1:{s:12:"date_created";s:10:"09.03.2011";} Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Quantrill's Raid Description An account of the resource Images used in the 150th anniversary exhibit. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bird's Eye View of Lawrence Description An account of the resource Bird's Eye View of the City of Lawrence, Kansas Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A. Ruger Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived RH Map R140 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/usingthelibrary/policies.shtml Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ksrl_kc_RH_Map_R140.tif https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/files/original/9c505870b011d2bc27961427ea204ee5.jpg c0d6649abb51a39966d6900f213bcaa8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Struggling People Subject The topic of the resource LibArt 2024 Description An account of the resource This work is inspired by farmers in southern Saudi Arabia , Furthermore She is wearing traditional clothing and the colors are chosen from the same environment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Aati Abdulrahman Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Held by creator Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Acrylic on Canvas board LibArt